试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

题库

首页 > 题库 > 四川师范大学

It took us only a few hours to ______ the paper off all four walls.

If you want to get into that tunnel, you first have to ______ away all the rocks.

England’s team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to ______ themselves for last year’s defeat.

Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat ______ by steam.

That part of the city has long been ______ for its street violence.

I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite ______.

Charles Dickens, like millions of children all over the world throughout the ages, was enchanted by fairy tales. He acknowledged the deep formative impact that the wondrous figures and events of fairy tales helps children better than anything else in their most difficult, yet most important and satisfying task; achieving a more mature consciousness to tame the chaotic pressure of their unconsciousness.Fairy tales, unlike any other form of literature, direct children to discover their identity and calling. These stories hint that a good, rewarding life is within one’s reach despite adversity. They promise that if one dares to engage in this fearsome and taxing search, benevolent powers will come to one’s aid, and that one will succeed. But fairy tales also warn that those who are too timid or narrow-minded to risk them-selves must settle for humdrum existence.In the past, those who loved fairy tales were often subjected to the scorn of pedants. But today many of our children are deprived of the chance to know fairy stories at all. Most children now meet fairy tales, if they encounter them at all, only in prettified versions that subdue their meaning and rob them of all deeper significance. One can see such versions in films and on television, where fairy tales are tamed into empty-minded entertainment.Throughout history, the intellectual life of children largely depended on mythical and religious stories, and on fairy tales. This traditional literature fed children’s imagination and stimulated their fantasies. At the same time, these stories were a major agent of the child’s socialization. Children could learn social ideals from the material of myths, while fairy tales provide patterns of behavior modeled on these ideals. These were the images of the unconquered heroes, whose life history showed that it is not beneath the dignity of the strongest to clean the filthiest stable.1. The author cited Dickens in order to .2. It is implied in the second paragraph that .3. The author identified all of the following as benefits children derive from fairy tales EXCEPT .4. According to the passage, today’s children seldom experience fairy tales in the original be these literary forms are .5. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

It would be enormously convenient to have a single, generally accepted index of the economic and social welfare of the people of the United States. A glance at it would tell us how much better or worse off we had become each year, and we would judge the desirability of any proposed action by asking whether it would raise or lower this index. Some recent discussion implies that such an index could be constructed. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other hand, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.The output available to satisfy our wants and needs is one important determinant of welfare. Whatever want, need, or social problem engages our attention, we ordinarily can more easily find resources to deal with it when output is large and growing than when it is not. GNP measures output fairly well, but to evaluate welfare we would need additional measures which would be far more difficult to construct. We would need an index of real costs incurred in production, because we are better off if we get the same output at less cost. Use of just man-hours for welfare evaluation would unreasonably imply that to increase total hours by raising the hours of eight women from 60 to 65 a week imposes no more burden than raising the hours of eight men from 40 to 45 a week, or even than hiring one involuntarily unemployed person for 40 hours a week. A measure of real costs of labor would also have to consider working conditions. Most of us spend almost half our waking hours on the job and our welfare is vitally affected by the circumstances in which we spend those hours.To measure welfare we would need a measure of changes in the need our output must satisfy. One aspect, population change, is now handled by converting output to a per capita basis on the assumption that, other things equal, twice as many people need twice as many goods and services to be equally well off. But an index of needs would also account for differences in the requirements for living as the population becomes more urbanized and suburbanized; for the changes in national defense requirements; and for changes in the effect of weather on our needs. The index would have to tell us the cost of meeting our needs in a base year compared with the cost of meeting them equally well under the circumstances prevailing in every other year.Measures of needs shade into measure of the human and physical environment in which we live. We all are enormously affected by the people around us. Can we go where we like without fear of attack? We are also affected by the physical environment—purity of water and air, accessibility of park land and other conditions. To measure this requires accurate data, but such data are generally deficient. Moreover, weighting is required: to combine robberies and murders in a crime index; to combine pollution of the Potomac and pollution of Lake Erie into a water pollution index; and then to combine crime and water pollution into some general index. But there is no basis for weighting these beyond individual preference.There are further problems. To measure welfare we would need an index of the goodness of the distribution of income. There is surely consensus that given the same total income and output, a distribution with fewer families in poverty would be the better, but what is the ideal distribution？Even if we could construct indexes of output, real costs, needs, state of the environment, we could not compute a welfare index because we have no system of weights to combine them.1. The author’s primary concern is to .2. The author implies that man-hours is not an appropriate measure of real cost because it .3. The most important reason why a single index of welfare cannot be designed is that .4. An adequate measure of need must take into account all of the following EXCEPT .5. The author regards the idea of a general index of welfare as __.

The usual distinctions between “basic research”, “applied research”, and “development”, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. One cannot distinguish in any meaningful way “basic” from “applied research” by observing what a scientist is doing.“Applied research” should not be used to mean “purposeful and demonstrably useful basic research,” and one should be wary of the use of the term in government statistics. In corporate research laboratories, such as the TJ. Watson Research Laboratories of IBM, all of the work is referred to simply as “research.” There is no need to attempt a distinction between “basic” and “applied” research. All of the company’s research investments are motivated by corporate interests. All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so “pure” that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.We should reserve the words “applied research” for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words “problem-solving research” instead.Narrow problem-solving and development are activities initiated by someone who wishes to apply research methods purposefully to exploit an identified opportunity or solve a problem. They involve the application of technical resources to achieve an identified goal for a specified beneficiary, usually the investor in the work. It is a reasonable assumption that those who engage in such activities expect to benefit from them, and to benefit by a sufficient margin over the cost to accommodate the technical risk that is ever-present in research. The investor in problem-solving may be a government agency, but is more likely to be a private firm. In most cases that firm would be expected to be able to appropriate sufficient benefits to need no government subsidy to take those risks. Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of society’s commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important -source of demand for science.1. According to the author, the distinction between Basic and applied researches in government documents is .2. A disturbing result of the definitions of nature of research in government statistics is that .3. It is implied in the second paragraph that basic research is characterized by .4. The “applied research” as the author understands it is best defined in terms of .5. The passage is mainly concerned with defining the role of __.

Almost 15 years ago, in “The Work of Nations,” I described a three-tiered work force found in most advanced economies. At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals. In the middle were production workers in factories or offices, performing simple, repetitive tasks. At the top were “symbolic analysts”, like engineers or lawyers, who manipulate information to solve problems. Educated to think critically, almost all have university degrees. They were the knowledge workers of the new economy.I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didn’t predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers’.Two different groups of symbolic analysts are emerging: national and global. Most symbolic analysts still work within a national economy, manipulating various kinds of symbols with the aid of computers. They’re at the core of their nations’ middle class—accountants, engineers, lawyers, journalists and other university-trained professionals.Yet a new group is emerging at the very top. They’re CEOs and CFOs of global corporations, and partners and executives in global investment banks, law firms and consultancies. Unlike most national symbolic analysts, these global symbolic analysts conduct almost all their work in English, and share with one another an increasingly similar cosmopolitan culture.There’s a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.The fears of national symbolic analysts are premature. The demand for their skills is still rising, notwithstanding the new competition. The earnings of university graduates in the United States and most advanced economies continue to outpace the earnings of those with only secondary-school diplomas, and the earnings of people with graduate and professional degrees are rising even faster. If demand for symbolic analysts were dropping, we would expect the opposite.Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades. China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. The income and wealth gap between them will widen into a chasm. They will live, literally, in different cultures.1. In what way is the prediction made by the author 15 years ago flawed?2. In what way has the three tiers changed shape in developed countries?3. The emergence of the global symbolic analysts is mainly attributable to the .4. The author advises advanced countries that want to keep their competitive advantage to .5. The author implies in the text that __.

All the rows, all the ethical problems and all the money spent in pursuing the human code for life will have been well worth it if it fulfils even some of its medical promise.The potential prizes certainly glitter. In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-called gene engineering. At the nearer end of the time scale, genetic tests are allowing people to choose suitable therapies and life styles to beat disease. And in between, lie further tantalizing prospects: thousands of new drugs for previously untreatable diseases; drugs tailored to individuals, so with far fewer side effects, the ability to replace faulty genes, short-circuiting diseases at source.But the work of turning the base pair data into the gold of new treatments has already begun, according to Dr. Francis Collins, head of the US National Human Genome Research institute. I keep a tally of the genes that are responsible for human diseases that are identified over the course of year. In a good year, in times gone by, there might have been two or three. Last year, there have been 29 discovered. Private companies have also combed the data to find genes that play roles in diabetes, asthma, psoriasis and migraines. The most extreme suggested use for the human genome data is editing the DNA inheritance passed down from one generation to the next. Such a scenario involves identifying an abnormal gene and then correcting it in the cells which are used to pass genetic information to offspring. No subsequent generation would then be affected by their ancestors’ gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention generation would then be affected by their ancestors’ gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention with the code for life will only be allowed after major ethical reservations and safety concerns over possible unexpected results of the changes are addressed.There is little doubt that the revelation of human genome will benefit healthcare in the short and long term. But many of the treatments will be expensive and will do nothing to avoid the damage caused by viral and bacterial diseases. It has been suggested that a brave new world awaits us in which all ailments can be monitored from a daily mouth swab inserted into a DNA reader in our bathroom cabinets. But Dr. Ian Purvis says, “It could be that like, a long time in the future, but that is based on the rather arrogant view humanity has that it will understand everything we find—and we never have in the past.”1. By saying that the “potential prizes certainly glitter”, the author means that .2. The chief purpose of gene engineering is to .3. From the first sentence of the third paragraph we learn that .4. The author warns that in trying to alter human genes, special attention should be paid to .5. According to Dr. Purvis, human beings __.

The health-care economy is replete with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or “provider” and purchaser or “consumer” in the typical doctor—patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Where circumstances permit the buyer no choice because there is effectively only one seller and the product is relatively essential, government usually asserts monopoly and places the industry under price and other regulations. Neither of these conditions prevails in most of the health-care industry.In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician—and even then there may be no real choice—it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday”, whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor’s judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer.” As a consequence, the medical staff represents the “power center” in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants: the physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government)—the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bills generated by the physician/hospital, and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illnesses, or just plain worries, the patient’s options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. In illnesses that are of some significance, however, such choices tend to evaporate, and it is for illnesses that the bulk of the health-care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75—80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients.1. The author’s primary purpose is to .2. It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because .3. According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to “return next Wednesday” (Para. 2), the doctor is in effect .4. The author is most probably leading up to .5. It is the physician who is the real “consumer” (Para. 3) means that the physician is the party that __.

Directions: In this part, you are supposed to write a composition on the topic “a good study habit I want to recommend to student researchers”. Your composition should be based on the following outline given below.1. Among many good study habits, what is the one you would most like to recommend to student researchers in your discipline?2. What are your reasons to recommend it?3. What are the benefit(s) of having it in your research life?Note: Your composition should be limited to around 200 words. Please write your composition on Answer Sheet 2.

Directions: Suppose you have made an appointment on tomorrow morning with your supervisor to discuss your research plan. Unfortunately, you decide now that you would not be able to make it due to various reasons. Write an email to your supervisor. Your email should contain 4 points: A. tell him or her clearly that you could not go for the appointment; B. give your reason(s) for not going; C. express your apology; and D. ask for the possibility to delay the appointment to Friday morning.Attention: Do NOT sign your own name at the end of the email, and use “Tom” instead. Your writing should be no more than 100 words. Write it on Answer Sheet 2.

这部长达103分钟的纪录片《穹顶之下》于2月28日登上中国各大视频网站，它是由前央视记者柴静自费拍摄制作。影片一经发布就迅速引起公众对于空气污染的关注，也鼓励了人们要有所行动。新任环保部长陈吉宁表示，他已经联系了柴静并表达了感谢。在3月1日的新闻发布会上，他表示，保护环境从来不是环保部门的“个人行为”，欢迎人人贡献出自己的一份力。与此同时，一些专家也提醒观众，在被视频感动的同时，也要注意到片子也有其不足之处。

In the case of art appreciation, psychological conditions are required. Oriental art is dedicated not to the eye, but to the mind. It is for internal enjoyment. The ideal way of looking at a painting is not to go to a public gallery or in the midst of a crowd. The ideal way is to be alone with the painting, concentrating one’s mind on it, communicating with it until one enters into the rhythmic vitality of the object. The garden, also, is never meant to be monumental or ornamental, but a place for spiritual communication and purification. In the appreciation of art, nature must be penetrated, profoundly understood, reflected upon. This attitude is almost a religious one, and is absolutely necessary in the appreciation of Oriental sculpture.

When a country is under-populated, newcomers are not competitors, but assistants. If more come they may produce not only new quotas, but a （1）as well. In such a state of things land is （2）and cheap. The possession of it（3） no power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages（4） he can take up new land and be his own master. Hence it will pay no one to own more land than he can （5） by his own labor, or with such aid as his own family （6）. Hence, again, land （7） little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no laborers living on （8）, but only a middle class of yeoman farmers. All are （9） on an equality, and democracy becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which equality, on which democracy is （10）, is realized as a fact. The same effects are powerfully （11） by other facts. In a new and under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the extractive industries. The （12） of these, with the exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call （13）only a low organization of labor and small amount of capital. Hence they allow the workman to become （14） his own master, and they educate him to freedom, independence, and self- （15）. At the same time, the social groups being only （16） marked off from each other, it is easy to （17） from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value compared with what they have in （18） populated countries. The （19） lie in an under-populated country, with the （20）, unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science, literature, and art.

Experiments in the photography of moving objects ______ in both the United States and Europe well before 2000.

The legal ownership of the goods ______ the seller until the final payment has been made.

The sun frizzled the grasses and blazed on the rocks of Kasauli. All was either ______ or blackened by heat and glare.

暂未登录

学员用户尊享特权

老师批改作业做题助教答疑学员专用题库高频考点梳理

上一页 3 4 5 6 7 8 下一页