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Parents have a legal ______ to ensure that their children are provided with efficient education suitable for their age.

______ yelling at me like this? It’s you who are to blame for this affair.

Food is to the blood ______ reading is to the mind.

______ for many years, the novelist suddenly became famous.

What ______ suppose would happen if the director knew you felt that way?

You didn’t put on more clothes; otherwise you ______ cold.

This article deals with the natural ______ which is most interesting to everyone.

I admit I have made a mistake, ______ I deny the serious consequence it may have.

He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education ______ a thesis.

He is an honest person. He is ______ to do such a dishonest thing.

One student after another ______ up to answer the teacher’s questions.

Luis Figueroa lives down the street from UC Merced, the newest campus in the University of California system. So it’s not surprising that the 21 years old studies from the comfort of his own home. But he’s not enrolled at Merced: from his living-room computer, Figueroa is earning his bachelor’s degree in business administration at Columbia College in Missouri, some 2,000 miles away. At $ 630 per course—about $ 1,800 per semester—his online degree will cost far less than even in-state tuition at UC. Not only that, Figueroa is able to continue working full time in a management-training job with AT&T in Merced, a job he feels lucky to have in the current economic climate. “Once I realized I had time constraints, I knew the traditional classroom wouldn’t work,” he says. “Courses online are open 24 hours a day, and I’m able to go there any time I want.”That convenience is one of the main reasons nearly 4 million American students took at least one online course in the 2007-2008 school year, according to a study by the Sloan Foundation. The same study found that online enrollment is growing at a rate more than 10 times that of the higher-education population at large—12.9 percent vs.1.2 percent for traditional in seat students. Nowhere is the growth faster than among younger students like Figueroa who are opting for online learning, even when the traditional classroom is—in his case—right outside the front door. “This is a generation that lives online,” says Vicky Phillips, founder and CEO of Geteducated.com, a service that ranks online learning institutions. “Everything is instant, accelerated, and accessible, and they expect their education to be that way too. For them there is no clear line between the virtual world and the actual world.”Once targeted at older, working adults, distance learning has moved into the education mainstream at stunning speed over the past couple of years, as technology allows ever-richer, more -interactive learning experience online—and as college costs continue to rise and classrooms are packed to capacity. For traditional brick-and-mortar institutions, that has meant a scramble to enter a lucrative market that used to be the exclusive territory of for-profit institutions such as the University of Phoenix and Kaplan University. Established brand-name educators—including Stanford, Cornell, Penn State, and MIT, which has placed its entire curriculum online through its Open Courseware program—now offer extensive online learning options and are competing with the for-profits for students. “The stigma is gone,” says Phillips. “Online learning has reached mass cultural acceptance. It’s no longer the ugly stepsister of the higher-education world.”Online offerings these days can sometimes even surpass the classroom experience. Aaron Walsh, a professor at Boston College and a former videogame designer, has pioneered Immersive Education, a method of teaching through virtual worlds. Meeting in Second Life instead of a physical classroom, says Walsh, allows for some feats that gravity renders impossible, like having art-history students fly to the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel or biology majors to take a Magic School bus-like trip through the human body. Using videos, podcasts, live chats, Webcams, and wikis, educators increasingly see online learning as a way to engage the videogame generation with pedagogy that feels more like entertainment than drudgery. Students in the new homeland-security master’s degree program at the University of Connecticut this fall, for example, will have coursework that resembles Grand Theft Auto: dwelling in a cyber-city called San Luis Rey plagued with suicide bombers, biochemical attacks, and other disasters. At Arizona State, students in an Introduction to Parenting class raise a “virtual child”. They have to post the progress of their online charge through all the phases of childhood. “The classes are so much more interactive, and I can log on when I’m most ready to learn,” says Jaquelyn Holleran, a junior majoring in family and human development at ASU. “I like that so much better than having to rush to class or sit through a lecture that’s boring.” As the largest generation since the baby boom attends college at a time of shrinking budgets and soaring costs, many educators believe that online learning holds the greatest promise for expanding the capacity of the U.S. higher-education system. And digital classrooms will surely play an important role in helping the Obama administration pursue its goal of raising the percentage of college graduates in the U.S. to first in the world by 2020 (at least 10 other countries now stand in the way). The surge in students with jobs and families, and those in the military, has also caused online enrollments to soar. Sarah Gerke, an Army private stationed in Iraq, keeps up with her coursework at Columbia College in Missouri, despite the occasional bombing. “Even if I could attend in person,” she writes in an e-mail from Camp Liberty, “I think I would stick with online classes for the convenience.”For public institutions such as the University of Michigan and the University of Massachusetts, online learning not only extends their brand, it’s a cost-effective way to serve more students. At UMass Online, enrollment among students under the age of 25 has increased 91 percent over the past three years. At Thomas Edison State College in Trenton, N.J., that growth rate over the same period is more than 100 percent. “The best way to lower the cost of higher education is to graduate on time,” says UMass president Jack Wilson. “More and more we see students using online learning as an accelerator, a way to move more quickly through their undergraduate program.”1 The study by the Sloan Foundation shows that .2. According to Philips, what was the attitude of people towards online learning?3. By Immersive Education method, students can .4. If you take a course at UMass Online, .5. Compared with the traditional form, online education has all the advantages EXCEPT .

Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have just published a study which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed to receive one. They work with data from 1901 to 1950, and the search is restricted to men (to avoid differences in life span between the sexes), and those killed prematurely are eliminated. That gave them 135 prize winners and 389 also-rans.The theory they were testing was that status itself, rather than the trappings of status, such as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first declared by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London. Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone else’s expectations, that those at the top of the hierarchy—whom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adversely—were actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed functionaries at the bottom of the heap. Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with the larger salaries of those at the top. But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status of having one was worth.Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though. The inflation adjusted value of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir Michael and his successors, both medical records and experiments on animals suggest stress hormones are involved. It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations. The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.A similar effect has been noted once before, in a different field. Research published a few years ago by Donald Redelmeier and Sheldon Singh showed that Oscar winning actors and actresses live 3.6 years longer than those who are nominated, but do not win. However, in that case the failed nominees do know that they have failed. And, curiously, Oscar winning scriptwriters live 3.6 years less than do nominees. Perhaps writers, unlike actors and scientists, live in a world of inverted snobbery.1. What has been done to avoid sources of bias in Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald’s study?2. What’s the difference between the two doctors’ study and that of Sir Michael’s?3. What is the two doctors’ possible explanation for their findings?4. According to the passage, Redelmeier and Singh’s study .5. We can conclude from the passage that .

Patients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don’t wake up, concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on. But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.Gitta Lubke, Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis, a technique which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery. Before this study, researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation, says Lubke.Lubke studied 96 trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery, many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia. During surgery, each patient wore headphones through which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each. At the same time, bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.After the operation, Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word, such as “lim-”, and asking them to complete it. Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—“limit”, for example—chose that word an average of 11 percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list. None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the wordlists.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized. But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet. “What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards,” says Philip Merikle, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo, Ontario.1. Scientists have found that deep anesthesia .2. By the new study the technique of by spectral analysis helps the scientists .3. To test the patients the scientists .4. The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients .5. What we can infer from the finding is __.

In early 19th century America, mental asylums were built in rural areas to remove patients from their home environment and to provide fresh air in a bucolic setting. Patients were offered exercise, work, education, and religious instruction. The heads of these institutions, called “alienists”, did not usually dispense drugs, but stressed healthy, clean living and promoted the view that the insane were not monsters but rather “unfortunate fellow beings.” Focusing on societal causes, alienists believed mental health problems could be avoided, especially in the young: children’s brains were softer, vulnerable, and more prone to influence.After the Civil War, faith in “moral treatment” declined because the curability rate had been overestimated, the cost of facilities was high, the government curtailed funds, and the public became disillusioned with “experts” and their failed promises. Repeated failures also frustrated practitioners who responded with an increased use of physical restraint. An influx of immigrants caused overcrowding and a loss of fee-paying private patients. As the medical field was slow to become interested in the care of the mentally ill, there was a lack of trained personnel. The original, more idealistic practitioners were gone, and new managers, many of whom were political appointees, were less inspired and qualified. They became self-protective and isolated from the public, and considered “moral treatment” to be fanatical and dangerous.Between 1850 and 1880, viewpoints reverted back to pre-asylum assessments, with the added element of heredity: mental illness resulted from a weak family and vice committed by ancestors. Influenced by Social Darwinism, practitioners believed mental illness could be eliminated through eugenics, and the tendency was to classify ailments rather than investigate through observation. Drugs such as chloroform, bromides, and ether were increasingly used to subdue patients.Eventually, neurologists formed two camps: those who focused on somatic cases, and those who embraced psychological theories as medically respectable. To remove the chronically ill from overcrowded asylums and in a general effort to promote non-restraint, alternative care facilities such as the tent treatment, the free air system, and the cottage system were attempted in the latter part of the century. In spite of such reform efforts, the dominance of Social Darwinism condemned the chronically ill as genetically inferior. It was not until the final years of the century that Sigmund Freud’s theories about the unconscious crept into the professional arena.1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that an additional reason for building mental asylums in rural areas was .2. According to the passage, one reason for the decline in use of moral treatment after the Civil War was .3. The underline word “whom” in Paragraph 2 refers to .4. The mention of drugs in Paragraph 3 is an example of .5. According to the passage, one reason the cottage system developed toward the end of the century, was in attempt to __.

Directions: College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by combinations of various factors, such as measures of funding and endowment, research excellence and/or influence, specialization expertise, admissions, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria. The expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. What’s your opinion about the phenomenon? Write a composition of about 400 words on your view of this topic.

不要抛弃学问有人说：“出去做事之后，生活问题急需解决，哪有工夫去读书？即使要做学问，既没有图书馆，又没有实验室，哪能做学问？”我要对你们说：凡是要等到有图书馆才能读书，有了图书馆也不肯读书；凡是等到有了实验室方才做研究，有了实验室也不肯做研究。你有了决心就研究一个问题，自然会节衣缩食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器。至于时间，更不成问题。达尔文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一点钟的工作。你们看他的成绩！每天花一个钟头看10页有用的书，每年可看3600多页，30年可读11万页书，11万页书可以使你成为一个学者了。

EtiquetteTo be able to answer the question “Is etiquette important?” one must have an understanding of the true meaning of the word. There is no simple definition of synonym, but to me “consideration” comes the closest. All good manners are based on thoughtfulness for others, and if everyone lived by the Golden Rule—“Do unto others as you would have others do unto you” —there would be no bad manners in the world. There have been many attempts to define “etiquette” over the years, but my own particular favorite was found in an old grammar book. It is, “Politeness is to do and say the kindest thing in the kindest way.”The type of person for whom books on etiquette hold an interest has changed almost as much as manners themselves. Until the first edition of Etiquette was printed in 1922, the idea prevailed that manners held little interest for anyone other than the rich, or members of so-called “society”. Today, fortunately, our attitude toward manner is far more sensible.

Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount of living space. Canada is vast, and the homes are large according to the standards of many counties. Even （1） inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are generally small, many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern （2）.Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions. “Family rooms” are popular features in modern houses: these are （3） “living rooms” since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas （4）.Recreational homes are also popular （5）Canadians. Some Canadians own summer homes, cottages, or camps. These may（6） from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “get away from it all.” They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town on Friday night and returning Sunday might （7） the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life: people often do not live in one place long enough to （8） to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas where there is some（9） neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seems to be （10）of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.

A cobweb glistening with dew seems as ______ as it is lovely.

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