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A driver can go through a red light（）a police officer signals him to do so.

Despite the suspect’s（）to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.

At short notice rescue troops were sent to help the vehicles（）the deep snow.

This study involves monitoring the sleep（）of 100 mentally healthy people aged 45 to 80.

Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic giver below with no less than 150 words. You should write it on the Answer Sheet.The Importance of Extensive Reading in Learning a LanguageYour composition should be based on the information given below:1. State how important extensive reading is in learning a language. 2. Give reasons and examples to support your idea.

美国有五分之四的人在工作中感受到压力。是什么原因引起的工作压力呢？许多人认为不公平或不切实际的工作量是其中一个主要原因。这种工作量常常会导致个人生活和职业生活失衡。另一个原因是缺乏工作安全感。如果你不停地担心下周是否还能有工作，压力就会进入并占领你的生活。如果你还需要养家、养孩子，情况就更会如此。

Visit a museum these days and you’ll see people using their smartphones and cameras to take pictures of works of art, archeological finds, historical artifacts, and any other object that strikes their fancy. While taking a picture might seem like a good way to preserve the moment, new research suggests that museum-goers may want to put their cameras down. In a new study, psychological scientist Linda Henkel of Fairfield University presents data showing that participants had worse memory for objects, and for specific object details, when they took photos of them.“People so often whip out their cameras almost mindlessly to capture a moment, to the point that they are missing what is happening right in front of them,” says Henkel. She calls this the “photo-taking impairment effect”.

Some years ago, Houston airport faced a troubling issue. Passengers were（1）about the long waits at baggage claim (行李提取处).（2）, the executives increased the number of baggage handlers. The plan（3）: the average wait fell to eight minutes, well within industry standard.（4）the complaints persisted.（5）, the airport executives undertook a more careful analysis. They found that it（6）passengers a minute to walk from their arrival gates to baggage claim and seven more minutes to get their bags. （7）, roughly 88 percent of their time was spent standing around waiting for their bags.So they decided on a new approach:（8）reducing wait time, they moved the arrival gates farther away from the main terminal. Passengers now had to walk six times longer. Complaints dropped to near（9）.This story shows that the experience of waiting is defined only partly by the objective（10）of the wait. Occupied time (walking to baggage claim) feels（11）than unoccupied time (（12）at baggage claim). Research on queuing has shown that, people on average,（13）how long they’ve waited in a line.This is also（14）one finds mirrors next to elevators. The（15）was born during the post-World War II boom, when the spread of high-rises（16）complaints about elevator delays. The reason behind the mirrors was（17）to the one used at the Houston airport: give people something to occupy their time.（18）overnight, the complaints ceased.We’ll never（19）lines altogether, but a better understanding of the psychology of waiting can help make those（20）delays more bearable. And when all else fails, bring a book.

Sharks have an undeserved reputation for being bloodthirsty killers that routinely make snacks out of tourists. Although the risk of getting eaten by a shark is extremely small, the same cannot be said for underwater fiber-optic cables that carry data around the world.It seems sharks have a mighty craving for these vital intercontinental communication links, which has set Google on a mission to reinforce its trans—Pacific cables by wrapping them in a Kevlar—like material. Google product manager Dan Belcher revealed their shark-proofing efforts at a marketing meeting in Boston, Network World reports.But why are sharks zeroing in on our global communication networks? Sharks have an uncanny ability to sense electromagnetic fields in the water using tiny detectors in their snouts called ampulla of Lorenzini. The organs, which look like freckles, sense even minute changes to electrical fields in the water, helping sharks find prey, navigate or locate fiber-optic cables.“No doubt the electromagnetic felds associated with these wires are highly attractive to these sharks,” George Burgess, director of the Florida Program for Shark Research, told USA. Interestingly, sharks don’t seem to be lured to the older copper cables that run underwater. It’s led to speculation that sharks confuse the high-voltage, magnetic emissions from fiber-optic cables with the signals given off by fish. Updated cables will thus likely protect the sharks and reduce energy-wasting attacks. Sharks have been giving global communications companies headaches since the 1980s. According to the New York Time, a few shark teeth were found planted in a cable of the Canary Islands in 1985. Every year, more than 50 repairs are needed on undersea transcontinental communication lines due to damage from wildlife, fishing trawlers and earthquakes, The Guardian reports.Google’s reinforced cables will be installed as part of a new $300 million system connecting the United States to Japan, according to a press release from project partner NEC. It will result in an Internet connection that relays information across the Pacific Ocean at 60 terabytes per second. That’s good news for Internet users, but maybe the sharks have a hidden reason: Perhaps they’re simply fed up with fear-mongering documentaries that cast them in a negative light.1.What does “the same” in Paragraph 1 refer to?2.What is emphasized in Paragraph 2?3.Why do sharks bite fiber-optic cables?4.It can be learned that sharks（）.5.What is the main topic of the passage?

Once upon a time, people believed staying a healthy weight was easy. To lose weight you simply had to practice the reverse of home economics—spend more than you earned. Unfortunately for many, but perhaps not surprisingly, it turns out that people are rather more complicated than bank accounts.To stay a healthy weight, you need a hormone called lepton to work properly. It sends “I’m full” messages from the fat cells up to the brain, where they go, among other places, to the same pleasure centers that respond to drugs like cocaine. Fat people produce plenty of lepton, but the brain doesn’t seem to respond to it properly. Last year researchers at the Oregon Research Institute scanned the brains of overweight people and found their reward circuit（线路）were underactive. They were eating more to try to get the enjoyment they were missing.There’s a lot of evidence for the fact that most, if not all, of us have a set point around which our weight can vary by about seven to nine kilos, but anything beyond that is a real struggle. Making changes is hard, particularly if your body is working against you. So why not reject the traditional approaches and try some new method, based on the latest research, that work with your body rather than against it.Several years ago researchers at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore reported that when they gave rats very little food one day and allowed them to eat plenty the next, they showed virtually all the benefits of a permanent calorie restriction diet. The same goes for humans, according to Dr. James Johnson.How does it work? Besides forcing the body to burn fat, it may also cause hormonal changes. Most people say that the diet takes a bit of getting used to, but is not as grinding as trying to cut back on an everyday basis.Older dieters may remember something called brown fat. Unlike the undesirable white stuff; this was a dieter’s dream. Instead of storing excess energy as fat, brown-fat tissue burned it off to keep you warm—at least in mice. Brown fat fell out of favor because researchers couldn’t find much in humans but now, thanks to the New England journal of Medicine, it’s back in fashion. The idea is to expose people to cold temperatures. They then make more brown fat and their weight drops.1.The last sentence in paragraph 1 indicates that people’s understanding of losing weight（）.2.According to the findings of the Oregon Research Institute,（）.3.The method used by the National Institute on Aging can be summarized as “（）”.4.The word “grinding” in the paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to（）.5.It can be learned that brown fat（）.

Once, at a party, I was introduced to a friend of a friend. We shook hands, I told her my name, she told me hers. Then she did something that I was ever so grateful for. “Hang on,” she said. “Can you say your name again? I wasn’t really listening.” She saved me from having to later—possibly even at the same party—sheepishly admit that I, too, had already forgotten her name.An informal poll of fellow Atlantic staffers confirmed my suspicion that this is something that happens to even the most kind and conscientious among us. No sooner does someone utter the most fundamental factoid about themselves than the information flees our brains forever.There are a few reasons why this occurs:You’re not really that interested: Maybe you’re just making an appearance at this party and are planning to abscond shortly to a superior kick-back. Your level of interest can impact how well you remember something. “Some people, perhaps those who are more socially aware, are just more interested in people, more interested in relationships,” Richard Harris, professor of psychology at Kansas State University, told Science Daily. “They would be more motivated to remember somebody’s name.” There are two types of storage in the brain: Long-term and short-term. The short-term variety is called “working memory,” and it functions like a very leaky thermos. It doesn’t hold much and it spills stuff out all the time. “You can hold just a little bit of information there and if you don’t concentrate on it, it fades away rapidly,” Paul Reber, a psychology professor at Northwestern University, told me in an email. “Information like a name needs to be transferred to a different brain system that creates long-term memories that persist over time.”There’s not much in a name, frankly. It doesn’t actually tell you anything about the person you’re meeting, and thus it doesn’t give your brain anything to cling to. “Human memory is very good at things like faces and factual information that connects well to other information you already know,” Reber said. The name ends up neither connecting to what you already know nor standing out as unusual,” Reber said. “So you get this funny phenomenon where you can remember lots about a person you recently met—everything except their name (this happens to me all the time).”1.The author points out in the first two paragraphs that（）.2.According to Richard Harris, how well we remember a name is related to（）.3.What is the problem mentioned in Paragraph 5?4.It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that names are（）.5.What is the best title for the passage?

If the universality of immersion-style language programs, emergency test prep classes, tired college kids is any indication, cramming (临时抱佛脚) is a wildly popular study strategy. Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like “Evolution” or “World history 1914 to present” into the last week of a course. So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no. Hurried memorization is a hopeless approach for retaining information. But it’s not all bad news. The team offers a precise formula for better study habits, and it doesn’t necessarily need dogged discipline and routine.To arrive at their prescription, the scientists tested the “spacing effect” on long-term memory. In other words, they wanted to know how the time gap between study sessions influences the ability to remember material on test day. They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as “Who invented snow golf.” (Rudyard Kipling) and “What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food” (Norway). Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.The findings Students perform better when they space their study sessions rather than when they try to cram everything into their heads during one sitting. But for those who must cram, timing is everything. According to the researchers, if you have only one date on which to study, choose a day that’s closer to when you first learned the material than when you take the test—but not too close. For instance, if you have a French lesson on Monday and a quiz the following Monday, you should study on Wednesday for maximum retention. Tuesday is too early and Sunday is too late. If you want to remember something for a year, wait about a month to review what you learned.Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers don’t realize the error of their ways. “Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular,” he told me in an email. “And I have never heard people who take these courses even notice the fact that they are a perfect prescription for rapid forgetting.”1.Which of the following can best describe professors’ attitude toward cramming?2. According to Paragraph 1, the new study on cramming（）.3.In Paragraph 2 the author mainly describes（）.4.According to the passage, the most important cramming strategy is（）.5.By mentioning the science community, Hal Pashler tries to stress that（）.

Do you find yourself checking Facebook as soon as you wake up in the morning? Even as you read this article, is your right index finger twitching on the mouse, just itching to click on something new? If so, welcome to the 21st century. Without even realizing it, we’ve signed up for a life in which we’re all connected, all the time. Whether or not this is a good thing is the subject of Hamlet’s Blackberry, a new book by William Powers.Early in the book, Powers describes a scene that should strike many as familiar: He is standing at a crosswalk in the middle of Manhattan, alongside five or eight other people—all of whom are staring intently at some digital device. “Here I was in New York, the most fantastic city in the world—so much to look at, to see and hear, and everybody around me essentially wasn’t present,” he says.Powers may question the way we use our gadgets, but he certainly doesn’t condemn it. He does, however, recognize the downside of constantly being flooded with new information or what he calls the “conundrum of connectedness.”Among the things that suffer from our over connectedness, Powers says, are relationships. “If we’re constantly toggling between people on Facebook and texts and all these new ways of connecting all day long, and we never have a sustained connection,” Powers says. “It’s sort of the opposite of connectedness.”But how are we of the 21st century supposed to cope with that problem? Powers has one suggestion that’s both utterly simple and almost impossible to imagine following: just disconnect. His family, for example, takes an “Internet Sabbath” every weekend. “We turn off the household modem, and we don’t have smart phones the whole weekend. We can’t do Web surfing.” he explains.According to Powers, the positive effects of these technology breaks are felt long after the weekends are over. “Even when we’re connected, we can feel the benefits of having been disconnected a couple days ago,” he says. “It’s just about that simple word, ‘balance’”.Not that he thinks up plugging your modem is necessarily easy. “It’s really hard to pull away. You have to know why you’re doing it, and really believe” he says. “What I’m about here is trying to convince people that it’s worth doing.”1.What William Powers describes in Paragraph 2（）.2.The word “downside” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to “（）”.3.“Internet Sabbath” means that on this day the author’s family（）.4.The author thinks that the “Internet Sabbath”（）.5.The passage is most likely a（）.

Dog owners must（）the dog’s waste in containers provided throughout the park.

It’s in your best（）to quit smoking, for you have some breathing problems.

Despite the（）conditions, the road was finished in just eight months.

Into her nineties, her thinking（）acute and her character forceful.

Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into（）.

Without clear guidelines（）, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss what to do.

We’ll continue along the road（）by our presidents more than seventy years ago.

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