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Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’ discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another.The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for contemporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States.46. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?47. Which is the following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage?48. The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of ____.49. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American community?50. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage?

Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protestors Friday in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southern New Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was continuing despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on state authorities to cancel the project. The demonstrator had charged that the project was unsafe in the densely populated area, would create thermal pollution in the bay, and had no acceptable means for disposing of its radioactive wasters. The demonstrations would go on until the jails and the courts were so overloaded that the state judicial system would collapse.Governor Stanforth Thumper insisted that there would be no reconsideration of the power project and no delay in its construction set for completion in three years. “This project will begin on time and the people of this state will begin to receive its benefits on schedule. Those who break the law in misguided attempts to sabotage the project will be dealt with according to the law,” he said. And police called in reinforcements from all over the state to handle the disturbances.The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off construction site. They earned placards that read “No Nukes is Good Nukes,” “Sun power, Not Nuclear Power” and “Stop Private Profits from Public Peril”. They defied police order to move from the area. Tear gas canisters fired by police failed to dislodge the protestors who had come prepared with their own gas masks or facecloths. Finally gas-masked and helmeted police charged into the crowd to drag off the demonstrators one by one. The protestors did not resist police, but refused to walk away under their own power. Those arrested would be charged with unlawful assembly, trespassing, and disturbing the peace.41. ___ were the demonstrators protesting about?42. Who had gas-masks?43. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for the demonstration?44. With whom were the jails and courts overloaded?45. What is the attitude of Governor Stanforth Thumper toward the power project and the demonstration?Notes: 1. cordon 警戒线，警戒；2. nuke （美俚）核武器，核电站；3. defy 公然，蔑视；4. canister 罐，筒，榴霰弹筒；5. dislodge 赶走

The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As on Norwegian politician said last week: “We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success: Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south, and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however. With nearly 100 percent employment, everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it, because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industry because of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.36. The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to _.37. The Norwegian Government has tried to _.38. According to the passage, the oil industry might lead northern Norway to _.39. In the south, one effect to the development of the oil industry might be _.40. Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because ___.

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts (辍学者) among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph.D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition (缩/减员，磨损) at the Ph.D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.’“The results of our research,” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities. 3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 percent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph.D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph.D.s with that background reached this figure. The Ph.D.s shone in the $7,500 to $15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph.D.s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.31. The author states that many educators feel that _.32. Research has shown that _.33. Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph.D. _.34. After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that _.35. It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in ___.

I was not ___ by his many arguments so finally we agreed to differ.

Angus Graham is the person who can advise you best. ___, he is coming here tomorrow.

No one is so ___ as the person who has no wish to learn.

He said that he had no ___ of the 1978 interview and that he had never seen it in print.

We ___ the radio signals for help from the plane.

The ___ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.

It is a well-known fact that the cat family ___ lions and tigers.

We are ___ faced with the necessity to recognize that having more people implies a lower standard of living.

Operation which left patients ___ and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.

Doctors warned against chewing tobacco as a ___ for smoking.

This is the seventh year ___ that they’ve won the cup.

Many people have the ___ about the blind and deaf.

He ___ a few more boards from the cabinet to make the inside more spacious.

Very few countries truly support US military ___ against Iraq.

The ___ of his profession do not permit him to do that.

They use ___ sales tactics to defeat their major competitor.

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