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It seems that fate was on the side of the Japanese. At 6:30 a.m. on 7 December a small Japanese submarine entered a prohibited area off Oahu and was sunk by destroyers and aircraft. The naval watch-officer was informed and, in his turn, informed the Chiefs-of-Staff at Pearl Harbor; but for some reason no general alert was given. More extraordinary still, it is a fact that at 7:00 a.m. the operator of a provisional detector station out in the Pacific belonging to the American Army reported a large flight of airplanes about 210 kilometers from Oahu to the east-north-east. An army lieutenant decided that the airplanes must obviously be friendly ones and took no action. An unusually cloudy sky added to Japanese luck. A routine dawn patrol of American aircraft had passed over Oahu and reported nothing.At 7:50 a.m. on that Sunday morning a great noise of approaching aircraft was heard on Oahu and at 7:55 the first bombs fell. Low-level bombers and torpedo aircraft attacked the ships in the harbor and the naval installations; high-level bombers bombed the airfields and also Honolulu some 11 kilometers away. The attacks were followed by fighter planes firing machine-guns with incendiary bullets, particularly at the planes on the airfield; some pocket submarines attacked the harbor at the same time.Just as there had been no adequate air or sea patrols, so inside Pearl Harbor no precautions against attack had been taken; warships were moored close one against another and a large proportion of officers and ratings were on leave and many sleeping ashore. A similar peace-time carelessness pervaded the Hickham army airfield close to Pearl Harbor and other aerodromes on the island. Before the last attack, which was made at 9:00 a.m. and which met with heavy anti-air-craft and naval gun-fire, the Japanese were able to strafe their objectives almost without resistance and the aircraft were able to return to their carriers to refuel and to return to the attack.Of the eight battleships, the Arizona, California and Utah, a target ship, were sunk outright; the Oklahoma capsized shortly after being bombed; the Nevada was set on fire and put out of action for many months; the three others were more or less seriously damaged. Considerable additional damages were done to ships, a minelayer was sunk, three cruisers damaged, two destroyers sunk and another damaged. Some 2300 officers and men were killed and some hundreds of the nearly two thousand wounded died later. The Japanese are said to have lost 605 aircraft, whilst the Americans had 173 destroyed and over 100 damaged.1. How was fate on the side of the Japanese?2. What was “extraordinary” about the sighting of planes by the provisional detector station?3. When did the attack on Pearl Harbor take place?4. What does “capsized” mean?5. Why was the United States unprepared for the attack?

Shundagarh is a village on India’s east-facing coast. It is a village of simple mud and grass houses built on the beach just above the waterline. The Khadra Hills rise immediately behind the village, to a height of one hundred and fifty meters. A simple, good-hearted old man, whose name was Jalpur, farmed two small fields on the very edge of these hills, overlooking Shundgarh. From his fields he could see the fishing boats that traveled up and down the coast. He could see the children playing on the sand; their mothers washing clothes on the flat stones where the Shiva River flowed into the see; and their fathers landing the latest catch or repairing nets and telling stories that had no end.All Jalpur owned in the world were the clothes he wore day in and day out, the miserable hut that he slept in at night, a few tools and cooking pots—and his fields. The corn that he grew was all that made life possible. If the weather was kind and the harvest was good, Jalpur could live happily enough—not well, but happily. When the sun was fierce, and there was little or no rain, then he came close to the line between a life which was too hard, and death itself.Last year the weather had been so kind, and the harvest promised to be so good, that Jalpur had been wondering whether he could sell all that he had and live with his son farther up the coast. He had been thinking about doing this for some years. It was his dearest wish to spend his last days with his son and his wife and children. But he would go only if he could give; he would not go if it meant taking food out the mouths of his grandchildren. He would rather die hungry than do this.On the day on which Jalpur decided that he would harvest his com, sell it, and move up the coast, he looked out to sea and saw a huge wave, several kilometers out, advancing on the coast and on the village of Shundagarh. Within ten minutes everyone in Shundagarh would be drowned. Jalpur would have shouted, but the people were too far away to hear. He would have run down the hill, but he was too old to run. He was prepared to anything to save the people of Shundagarh, so he did the only thing that he could do: he set fire to his corn. In a matter of seconds the flames were rising high and smoke was rising higher. Within a minute the people of Shundagarh were racing up the hill to see what had happened. There, in the middle of his blackened cornfield, they found Jalpur; and there they buried him.On his grave, they wrote the words: here lies Jalpur, a man who gave, living; a man who died, giving.1. Why didn’t Jalpur live well?2. What was Jalpur’s dearest wish?3. Why did Jalpur need money?4. Which of the following statements is true?5. The villagers were thankful to Jaipur because he had ________.

Increasingly, over the past ten years, people—specially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed foods, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality—of foods grown in commercial farming areas.Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it does seem to be an additive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals—and no fibre.It is significant that nowadays fibre is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fibre has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”.1. People have become more interested in natural foods because .2. Soil that is rich in organic matter .3. Which of the following is true?4. According to the author, the use of chemicals and fertilizers .5. Which of the following is considered good or healthy eating?

We lost two superstars in 1977. Neither man’s admirers have been able to understand the success of the other one. And this tells us something of the difference between the generations that the two singers represent.There were similarities between Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley. Both reached fame while quite young and became very rich. Although neither one had any musical education, both developed their own musical styles—styles which were at first scorned by the critics and later studied as new forms in the art of popular song. Both men had successful movie careers despite a total lack of acting ability.Both were creations of the microphone, which made it possible for singers with weak voices to be heard beyond the third row. With Bing the microphone was usually hidden; but Elvis brought it to the stage, took it from its support, stroked it, and pressed it to his lips.The difference between the two men reflects the changing values in American life. Crosby’s music was soothing; Presley’s was disturbing. Crosby was singing to wartime America. His audiences had all the disturbances they could handle in their private lives; they did not want to buy more at the record shop and the movie theater.Crosby’s admirers always said how “relaxed” he was, how “natural and easy-going.” When Presley began his career, the whole country had become relaxed and easy-going. Its young people, who had no memory of troubled times, found it boring. They were hungry for excitement. They welcomed Elvis, who was not soothing, and who was certainly not the kind of young man their parents would admire. Presley was loud, gaudy, and vulgar—and he was bringing something new and exciting.It is probably too simple to explain each man in terms of changes in the economic and political situation. Something in the culture was also changing. Crosby’s songs were saying something; their “message” was as important to the audience as the music. The words were often sweet and sentimental; ordinary, perhaps, but Crosby—and Frank Sinatra after him—gave them life and meaning. People remembered them, sang them, and thought of them as true to life. Although many of Presley’s songs were, in fact, quite sentimental too, it was mostly the sound that moved the audiences. Rock and Roll was a “sound” event. Songs stopped being songs and turned into noise.The Crosby generation has trouble with Rock and Roll because it makes the mistake of trying to understand the words. The Presley generation has trouble with Crosby because it finds the music unexciting and the words empty. The mutual lack of understanding may be a sign of how far we have come from troubled times, and how deeply we now distrust the value of words.1. Both Crosby and Presley .2. Their music was .3. The difference between the two men the changing values in American life.4. Presley’s admirers found Crosby’s work .5. This passage is chiefly about .

The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found on the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and _1_ it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but _2_ to diffuse throughout the space available; it must therefore be kept in a closed container, as _3_ a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories _4_ the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved” in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are _5_ different kinds of molecules. The theories now prevailing _6_ a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow easily. They are fluids.The _7_ similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat _8_ a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words, becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. _9_, the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is called the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be _10_: there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.

Directions: In this section, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.My View on the Water Shortage in Kunming: Causes and Solutions

My Impressions of BeijingWhen I first arrived in Beijing, I couldn’t speak any Chinese. I didn’t know anyone, and I didn’t know my way around. I had no friends, and I didn’t really know anything about Beijing. Now things are different. Not only is my Chinese better, but I can even navigate my way around by bus or subway. I know how to shop in the markets, and so on.Everyone knows that Beijing is the capital of China and its center of government. I'm very interested in China’s politics, because of the nature of my job. Interestingly, I find that Beijing residents are all fascinated by politics.This is my first time living in China, and I’ve been surprised at how modern a city Beijing actually is. For example, there are quite a number of five-star hotels, restaurants of all kinds, beautiful parks, wide streets, an excellent public transportation system, skyscrapers everywhere, and so on. At the same time, Beijing has a long history. There are many scenic spots and historical sites, and the city has a lot of culture to offer.The less-good side of Beijing is that overly rapid modernization has created a number of problems. For example, it’s crowded. There are too many cars. There is too much dust from construction sites. In spring, there is always sandstorm. Air pollution is bad. The dry climate has depleted the water supply, and the population is increasing, so you can imagine the future problems. Despite all this, I still enjoy living in Beijing.

Directions: In this section, you are required to write an essay of no less than 250 words on the topic given below. Your essay should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Since the Covid-19 pandemic, students cannot return to school. Online courses have become an alternative. Some people argue that E-learning can replace the traditional classes.

森林给人提供木材，还能调节气候、保持水土、防风固沙、改善水质、防烟防尘、减少噪音、美化环境、维持及改善生态平衡。如果没有绿色植物不断制造氧气和吸收有害气体，人类就无法生存。人们的健康与空气的优劣有关，而空气的优劣又与森林的多少有关。许多树木都能吸收空气中的有害物质和致癌物质。树木的绿色使人看了舒适，有利于缓和紧张心情，给人以美的享受。

Remarkable achievements have been made in “One Belt One Road” construction. The first is the continuous advance in strategical coordination work among related countries in the co-construction of “One Belt One Road” Initiative, and our circle of friends and scope of cooperation have been continuously expanding. By 2017, China has signed about 50 new cooperation agreements under the frame of “One Belt One Road”, involving more than 20 new international multilateral organizations. Our coordination with international multilateral organizations has been strengthened remarkably, involving more than 20 countries along the route, mainly located in Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, as well as Southeast Asia. So far, our scope of coordination has covered the whole Central and Eastern Europe. The second is the infrastructure construction has been rapidly developed, and the interconnection level has been greatly improved. The construction of the Six Major Economic Corridors is rapidly under construction. And the third is the satisfactory investment situation for countries along the route of “One Belt One Road”. The acceleration of the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor construction will benefit the economic and trade cooperation between Bangladesh and China. It is extremely helpful for the inter-link and mutual promotion of the major projects along the route. Once the integration effect is formed, a well-balanced development will be achieved in Myanmar. The economic and trade cooperation between Bangladesh and China is also continuously being strengthened.

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