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A psychotherapist（心理治疗师）must maintain an impartial attitude toward a patient’s conflicts.

The fundamental element of a word is known as its root.

At the age of 6, boys usually attain a height of over eighty centimeters.

The Hawaiian Islands were previously called the Sandwich Islands.

The soles of your feet are thick-skinned compared to the rest of your body.

I don’t wonder that so many mothers look worn down with hard work, looking after their children.

Folk art is a spontaneous expression of the feelings, attitudes and ____ the lower classes of a society.

Engineers, ____ scientists involved in basic research, work toward the solution of specific practical problems.

A camera takes rays ____ by subjects and focuses them on a sheet of film.

Our team won the game by a narrow ____.

In the quest to find a ____ for cancer, scientists must draw on a collective information base.

To near-sighted people, faraway things look ____.

When a nuclear power collapses, the resulting ____ causes destruction equal to that by hundreds of A-bombs.

Public transportation in many parts of Tibet is inadequate, ____ owing a car is a necessity for people who are going to work there.

Few other waterfalls ____ the volume of water that passes over Niagara Falls.

Lack of education is an ____ to success.

A news report from the Guardian on March 11, 2011The worst earthquake in Japan’s records struck its north-east coast at 2.46pm local time (5.46am GMT), about six miles below sea level and 78 miles off the east coast of Japan. The shock was felt as far away as Beijing.Aftershocks continued for hours after the first tremor, many of more than magnitude 6.0. Joseph Tame, a Briton living in Tokyo, said concrete buildings shook as if they were made of jelly and high-rises swayed back and forth as the quake hit.More than 1,000 people were believed dead and many more missing after the quake, unleashing a 10m-high tsunami（海啸）, setting towns ablaze and sparking a nuclear emergency. 1.As dawn broke this morning, the full scale of the damage began to emerge. In one of the worst-hit residential areas, people buried under rubble could be heard calling out “Help” and “When are we going to be rescued?”, Kyodo news agency reported. TV footage showed staff at one hospital waving banners with the words “Food” and “Help” from a rooftop.The earthquake rocked buildings 235 miles away in Tokyo and experts said it was around 8,000 times more powerful than the recent New Zealand quake. Footage on Japan’s state broadcaster NHK showed images of the ensuing tsunami sweeping homes, ships and trucks across the land and of buildings burning in the night.2. Police said they had found 200-300 bodies in a coastal area of devastated Sendai city. Another 137 died elsewhere, with 539 injured and 351 missing.Phone voice services were out of order in much of the north-east, but data services allowed some people to contact friends and relatives. London-based Naoya Tatsuzawa said his 74-year-old father had sent an email saying he was trapped on the roof of a building north of Sendai city.“As far as I know he was in good spirits and they were supporting each other, but it has been snowing and is very cold. It must be awful,” he said. David Halton in Sendai said via Twitter: “Broken buildings. People without electricity. It’s freezing.”3. Many spent the night at shelters in schools and other public buildings. Four million were without power.Japan’s Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, urged people to help their neighbors and to try to minimize damage, as the country attempted to come to terms with the destruction. “We ask the people of Japan to exercise the spirit of fraternity, help each other and act fast,” he said.Barack Obama said the earthquake was “a potentially catastrophic disaster”. He warned citizens on the west coast of America to heed warnings to evacuate coastal areas. “Do as you are told,” he said.4. Warnings were later lifted for many locations including Australia and New Zealand but experts warned that successive waves could grow larger through the day.The US geological survey said the shock was the biggest earthquake to hit Japan since records began in the late 1800s. Japan is one of the most seismically active（多地震的）countries and this shock was one of several to have struck the north-east this week, including one of magnitude 7.3 on Wednesday. 5. The United Nations secretary general, Ban Ki moon, has pledged it will do “all it can to mobilise humanitarian assistance”, David Cameron told a press conference in Brussels: “We stand ready to help in any way that we can.”

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired or rented at the lowest possible cost much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command.The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, often at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central, usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to .4. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?5. It can be inferred from the passage that the hierarchy in American companies .

You don’t need to look far for evidence that we Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even schools are where we send our children to get a practical-education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism（反智主义）in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education historian and writer Diane Ravitch, “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces what she considers the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools. Schools, she concludes, are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. When we encourage our children to reject the life of the mind, we leave them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. If we continue along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, our nation will suffer. “We will become a second-rate country,” he says. “We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” Writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize-winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. Animosity toward intellectuals is in our country’s DNA. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children. “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”1. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?2. We can learn from the passage that Americans have a history of .3. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are .4. Emerson, according to the passage, is probably a(n) .5. What does the author think of intellect?

Research on friendship has established a number of facts, some interesting, even useful. Did you know that the average student has 5 to 6 friends, or that a friend who was previously an enemy is liked more than one who has always been on the right side? Would you believe that physically attractive individuals are preferred as friends to those less comely, and is it fair that physically attractive defendants are less likely to be found guilty in court? Unfortunately, such titbits（趣闻）don’t tell us much more about the nature or the purpose of friendship.In fact, studies of friendship seem to implicate more complex factors. For example, one function friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold. Certainly we appear to project ourselves onto our friends; several studies have shown that we judge them to be more like us than they objectively are. This suggests that we ought to choose friends who are similar to us rather than those who would be complementary. In our experiment, some developing friendships were monitored amongst first-year students living in the same hostel. It was found that similarity of attitudes (towards politics, religion and ethics, pastimes and aesthetics) was a good predictor of what friendships would be established by the end of four months, though it has less to do with initial alliances—not surprisingly, since attitudes may not be obvious on first inspection.There have also been studies of pairings, both voluntary (married couples) and forced (student roommates), to see which remained together and which split up. Again, the evidence seems to favor similarity rather than complementarity（互补）as an omen of a successful relationship, though there is a complication: where marriage is concerned, once the field is narrowed down to potential mates who come from similar backgrounds and share a broad range of attitudes and values, a degree of complementarity seems to become desirable. When a couple are not just similar but almost identical, something else seems to be needed. Similarity can breed contempt, it has also been found that when we find others obnoxious, we dislike them more if they are like us than when they are dissimilar. The difficulty of linking friendship with similarity of personality probably reflects the complexity of our personalities: we have many facets and therefore require a disparate group of friends to support us. This of course can explain why we may have two close friends who have little in common, and indeed dislike each other. By and large, though, it looks as though we would do well to choose friends (and spouses) who resemble us. If this were not so, computer dating agencies would have gone out of business years ago.1. Research on friendship has demonstrated that .2. Studies of friendship have indicated that in seeking friends we .3. The experiment conducted on students living in one hostel suggested that .4. Studies of marriage relationships indicate that .5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

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