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Nowadays, some scholars often cheat or are dishonest in doing their researches. How do you think of it? Please write an essay with the title of On Academic Honesty. You should write no less than 200 words.

Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that there is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。

The greatest social change has been in the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. D.By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get a paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be expected to live another thirty-five years and she is likely to take paid jobs until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenient foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic position. Even a few year ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. B.However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen. Many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Many more afterwards return to a full-time or part-time job. B.Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each of them.1. According the passage, the woman of today usually .2. One reason why the woman of today may take a job is that she .3. Many girls the passage claims are now likely to .4. According to the passage, it is now quite usually for women to .5. Nowadays, a husband tends to .

Bill Gates is not the only American entrepreneur with business plan to save the world. D.There are thousands. Consider Steve Kirsch, who had just turned 35 when he had eveiything everything he could want. Adobe, the software giant, had just purchased one of his startups, Eframe., The sale made Kirsch very rich, with a share in a private jet, an estate in California’s Los Altos Hills and a burning question: what to do with the rest of a $50 million fortune? After a few years of doling out money to traditional charities—his alma mater, the United Way—Kirsch got ambitious. He set up his own foundation to benefit “everyone”, funding research on everything from cancer to near-earth objects. "“It is guaranteed that we will be hit by an asteroid sometime in the future,，” perhaps “before we end this phone conversation.” Kirsch explains. “It would cost several billion lives, and we can save those lives for $50 million, which is less than the cost of a private jet. I call it enlightened self-interest.”American philanthropy isn’t what it used to be. Gone are the days when old money was doled out by bureaucrats from mahogany -paneled rooms. More people are giving out more money than ever before, at much younger ages, and to a much wider variety of causes. In 1980s, Ronald Reagan’s call for private charity to replace government largesse was greeted with hoots of liberal derision — and an outbreak of giving. The number of private foundations rose from 22, 000 in 1980 to 55,000 today. They now dole out about $23.3 billion a year, a 700 percent increase since 1980. And many are the offspring of capitalists, who bring the language of business to charity. Vanessa Kirsch, president and founder of the entrepreneurial charity New Profit Inc., says, “There’s this new breed of social entrepreneurs coming out of Harvard Business School or failed dot-coms, and they’re saying, '‘I want to make big things happen.’”’’Their outlook is increasingly global, in the Gates mold. D.The share of funding that the 1,000 largest foundations devote to interactional causes jumped from 11.3 percent in 1999 to 16.3 percent in 2000. And while the U. S, government is often criticized for stingy foreign aid (well under 1 percent of GNP each year), the same can’t be said of private donors, who now give away 2.1 percent of U. S. GNP each year. “No nation comes even remotely close to the U. S. on these things,” says Scott Walker of the Philanthropy Roundtable. “If you’re in Sweden or France, it’s something the government is supposed to do. If you were in England, it is the nobility. Americans don’t think it’s enough to say, ‘I gave at the office with taxes.’”’’To be sure, business and philanthropy are old bedfellows in the United States. The Rockefellers, the Carnegies and the Fords set the mold. D.But many were what Mark Dowie, author of “American Foundations: An Investigative History,，” calls “s. o. b. B.s”— patrons of “symphonies, operas, ballets,” and “museums and hospitals where rich people go to die.” The new foundations are more like “quasi-public trusts —progressive institutions of change,” argues Dowie.The new movers and shakers of American charity are more likely to be flashy TV titans like Ted Turner. The story of how Turner gave away a billion is a founding legend of this class. In a cab on his way to make a speech at the United Nations, the cable titan, sick of official U. S. reluctance to pay U.N. dues, decided to pony up I$1 billion himself. This shamed Washington and inspired imitators. “It is a lot more personality-oriented in this culture of new wealth.,” says Ellen Dadisman, vice president of the Council on Foundations. “It’s sort of like wealth meets People magazine.”In Silicon Valley, the new fashion is called “venture philanthropy”, According to one survey,83 percent of valley households give to charity, compared with 69 percent nationally. But they prefer to “invest”, not “give”. And to attract “investors”, fund-raisers promise hands-on management of the nonprofits they support. They demand seats on the board, set performance goals and plan an exit strategy in case expectations aren’t met. “Traditionally, foundations have not been as invasive,” says Dadisman. “They didn’t go to the nonprofit and say, ‘How much are you paying for rent? Why are you using these old-fashioned computers?’” It may be invasive, but if it works, it could help save the world. D.Even from asteroids.1. Why does the author introduce some American millionaires at the beginning of the passage?2. The author mentions Ronald Reagan’s call for private charity to replace government largess as .3. The expression “who bring the language of business to charity” from the sentence “And many are the offspring of capitalists, who bring the language of business to charity.” (Para. A.2) means.4. Which of the following can be concluded from Scott Walker’s comment (Para. A.3)?5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

By about A.D. D.500 the Mound Builder (筑堤人) culture was declining, perhaps because of attacks from other tribes or perhaps because of severe climatic changes that undermined agriculture. To the west, another culture, based on intensive agriculture, was beginning to flourish. Its center was beneath present-day St. Louis, and it radiated out to encompass most of the Mississippi watershed, from Wisconsin to Louisiana and from Oklahoma to Tennessee. Thousands of villages were included in its orbit. By about A.D. D.700 this Mississippian culture, as is known to archaeologists, began to send its influence eastward to transform the life of most of the less technologically advanced woodland tribes. Like the Mound Builders of the Ohio region, these tribes, probably influenced by Meso-American cultures through trade and warfare, built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places. The largest of them, rising in four terraces to a height of one hundred feet, has a rectangular base of nearly fifteen acres, larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Egypt. Built between A.D. D.900 and 1100 this huge earthwork faces the site of a palisaded Indian city which contained more than one hundred small artificial mounds marking burial sites. Spread among them was a vast settlement containing some 30,000 people by current estimations. The finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered at Cahokia, as this center of Mississippian culture is called, include elaborate ceramics, finely sculpted stonework, carefully embossed and engraved copper and mica sheets, and one funeral blanket fashioned from 12, 000 shell beads. They indicate that Cahokia was a true urban center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in tool-making,， hide-dressing, potting, jewelry-making, weaving, and salt making.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. The paragraph preceding this one most probably discussed .3. In relation to the Mississippian culture, the Mound Builder culture was located .4. The Mississippian culture influenced the culture of the .5. According to the passage, the mounds were used as .

Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments with electronic instruments. First, a human “guinea pig” is tested using a regular tool. Measurements are taken of the amount of work done, and the buildup of heat in the body. Twisted joints and stretched muscles cannot perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positions. The same person is then tested again, using a tool designed according to the suggestions made by Dr. Tichauer. All these tests have shown the great improvement of the new designs over the old.One of the electronic instruments used by Dr. Tichauer, the myograph, makes visible through electrical signals the work done by human muscle.Another machine measures any dangerous features of tools, thus proving information upon which to base a new design. One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs.This work has attracted the attention of efficiency experts and time-and-motion-study engineer, but its value goes far beyond that. Dr. Tichauer’s first thought is for the health of the tool user. With the repeated use of the same tool all day long on production lines and in other jobs, even light manual work can put a heavy stress on one small area of the body. In time, such stress can cause a disabling disease. Furthermore, muscle fatigue is a serious safety hazard.Efficiency is the by-product of comfort, Dr. Tichauer believes, and his new designs fortraditional tools have proved his point.1. What are involved in the design of a new tool according to the passage?2. From the passage we know that joints and muscles perform best when .3. A “myograph” (Para. A.2, Line 1) is an electronic instrument that .4. It can be inferred from the passage that .5. Dr. Tichauer started his experiments initially to .

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners in the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheels. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate drive, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be kind to other drivers” campaign; otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manner, but good sense, too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that gives rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1. According to this passage, troubles on the road are mainly caused by .2. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule” (Para. A.1) implies that_.3. By “good sense”, the writer means .4. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, .5. In the writer’s opinion, .

It is reported that the government is going to impose a tax on fuels which ______ global warming.

The zoo attendant opened the cage and tried hard to the tigers back in.

The unfair criticism left Norman quite with anger.

You cannot ignorance as your excuse; you should have known what was happening all along.

The famous scientist his success to hard work.

She was deeply by the amount of criticism her play received.

By signing the lease we made a ______ to pay a rent of $150 a week.

Attempts to persuade her to stay after she felt insulted were .

A joke or two always up a lecture, I think.

It should be that as individuals gifted students are endowed with certain attributes which represent their potential success in life.

Labor and management have agreed on a temporary settlement, thereby a strike.

Because of careless washing, the woolen sweater to a child’s size.

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