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My friend is a professional photographer. He was recruited into a volunteer project a few years ago when a major horticultural (园艺的) site was trying to compile a digital photo library of every plant on its property in all four seasons of the year. It’s a massive undertaking that will eventually include thousands of shots. My friend was very interested and signed up, attracted by the importance of the goal and the opportunity to capture many beautiful photographs beyond the ones required.From the beginning it was evident that this project was not integrated into an overall volunteer engagement plan. The staff member assigning the work is part of the team overseeing the gardens, with very little experience in dealing with volunteers of any type, let alone those donating their professional skills. The problem begins there.While the purpose of this project is to get excellent photographs for the digital library, there is another important component of the task that is gradually weakening the volunteers’ enthusiasm. The horticulturists tag each new plant with a documenting label recording its Latin and English names, basic data, and the date of planting, and the photographers must take a picture of each tag to accompany the shots of the plants. This is a reasonable request and easy to do.However, in addition to transmitting the photos taken on any day on site, the photographers have been asked to upload their pictures accompanied by a data form that needs to be completed separately. This requires the volunteers to sit at a computer and copy information from the photo to the form. As you can imagine, the tags are not always easy to read or were not completely filled in by the gardener in the first place. Yet the volunteers are expected to complete the missing areas, even though their expertise is photography, not horticulture.My friend remembers one conversation that went like this. Supervisor: “You neglected to include whether this plant is deciduous (落叶的) or not.” Friend: “I don’t know how to tell and the information was not on the label.” Supervisor: “If it has leaves, it’s deciduous.” Friend: “How would I know that in a winter shot?”Over time, all of the photographers have become less and less interested in visiting the property and later and later in submitting their work. Their pleasure in doing what they promised—taking the photographs—has diminished as they spend almost the same amount of hours at home entering data, which they really dislike, sending their passion for the job, productivity, and valuable expertise down the drain.What it takes to solve this problem is a volunteer involvement mindset (心态). How can the organization get the most pictures from talented photographers and also accomplish the cataloguing requirements equally necessary for the project? Recruit some non-photographer volunteers who like to work with data and who can complete the data forms for any and all photographers taking the pictures. This will result in more photographs and more complete data—and make both sets of volunteers feel useful and pleased.1. What does the underlined phrase “a massive undertaking” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?2. Why is the author’s friend attracted by the project?3. What does the conversation in Paragraph 5 imply?4. Why do the photographers lose interest in the project?5. What does the last paragraph mainly discuss?

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For three generations, Tanya James’ family has worked in the coal mines of West Virginia. Tanya is no different. She began working in the mines in 1979, when only about 1 in 100 coal miners were women—and she didn’t begin under the happiest of circumstances.Her father died when she was 17, leaving her mother to take care of the family. Out of necessity, Tanya’s mother took a mining class, and Tanya would go down with her every day—so the instructor invited Tanya to join the class. Six months later, Tanya was working in the mines as well.“I know what it feels like to have your mother in the mines. And it could be a little rough,” Tanya James, now a mother herself, tells her daughters Michelle Paugh and Trista James on a recent visit with StoryCorps. “I was pretty protective of her, even though I knew she could protect herself. I saw her once pick up a guy by the neck,” she laughs, “so she was a tough cookie.”From an early age, Tanya James says, she learned an important lesson from her mother: “If you don’t fight for yourself, nobody else gonna do it for you.”That attitude helped give her the strength to deal with an environment that wasn’t exactly welcoming to women. It was a long-held suspicion among miners that it was bad luck for a woman to even enter a mine. When a woman did enter one, many people figured, it was just to find a man.And that’s to say nothing of the dangers awaiting her in the deeps from the men themselves. In a survey that came out of the 1980 National Conference of Women Coal Miners, it was found that 76 percent of female coal miners had been sexually offended by coworkers. Seventeen percent had been physically attacked.“You had to make them respect you. You had to prove yourself daily,” Tanya says. “I don’t believe in stuff being handed to you. I think you need to work for everything you get.”Tanya James spent more than 20 years in the coal mines, and recently she became the first woman to hold a seat on the international executive board of the United Mine Workers of America.She’s tried to convince her daughters of what she believed. “You’re an extraordinary woman,” her daughter Trista said to her, “and I would like to be one in the future, too.”1. Why did Tanya start working as a coal miner?2. What does the underlined phrase “a tough cookie” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?3. What did many people think was a woman’s motive for being a coal miner?4. How were most female coal-miners treated in the USA according to the 1980 survey?5. What did Tanya James teach her two daughters?

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