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Directions: In this section of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of the paragraphs is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your Answer Sheet.Paragraph OneThe 5th day of the 5th month of the lunar year is an important day for the Chinese people. The day is called Duan Wu Festival, or Dragon Boat Festival, celebrated everywhere in China. This festival dates back to about 2,000 years ago with a number of legends explaining its origin. The best-known story centers on a great patriotic poet named Qu Yuan. 1. A brief d_ of Dragon Boat Festival.Paragraph TwoWhile we are abroad, we can: Buy local foods and products, not imported ones. Pay a fair price for goods and services and not bargain for the cheapest price. Ask before taking photographs of people. They are not just part of the landscape! Let’s enjoy our vacation and make sure others do, too. 2. A on what tourists can do while travelling abroad.Paragraph ThreeUniversities and colleges have stepped up efforts to promote innovation and entrepreneurship throughout the education process, according to the 2018 national undergraduate education quality report. More than 300, 000 students had been enrolled in innovation and entrepreneurship training programs. Students in 452 higher education institutions could also earn credits by participating in academic competitions and entrepreneurship and innovation projects. 3. Innovation and entrepreneurship are e_ universities.Paragraph FourThe mental health and wellbeing of students at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom during the novel coronavirus pandemic is to be monitored as part of a study by psychologists. Researchers are also reaching out to Warwick’s international student population to learn more about how COVID-19 is affecting them. 4. R_ on students’ mental health during COVID-19.Paragraph FiveWe love junk food because manufacturers design it to activate brain’s reward system. They create perfect combination of salt, sugar, spices which excite our taste buds. Thus activates our brain’s reward system making us feel good. When we eat regular food, because it does not activate the reward system, it feels less appealing. 5. The r why we love junk food.Paragraph SixBending and staring down at our phones for several hours increases the stress on our neck and spine, leading to neck and back pain. Experts refer to this condition as text neck and it can eventually lead to serious consequences. Also at night when we stare at our smartphones, the light emitted from their screens makes our brain think that it is still daytime. 6. Excessive use of smartphones may bring health p.Paragraph SevenGlobal temperatures are rising and glaciers are melting worldwide. The melting creates feebly dammed glacial lakes that can violently burst. The resulting floods can devastate downstream communities. Many people live in the shadows of a glacier, especially in the Himalayas, the Andes and in the Swiss Alps. According to a recent study, glacial floods have killed over 12, 000 people worldwide. 7. One natural h__ related to the melting of glaciers.Paragraph EightThe elderly who have positive views of aging live about seven and a half years longer than those who have negative views of aging. They are less likely to have dementia as well as some of the markers of Alzheimer’s disease. They’re more likely to take care of themselves better. 8. People’s views play a r_ in longevity.Paragraph NineWe usually rub our eyes due to lack of sleep or to remove dust, imitants, etc. Now, sometimes rubbing our eyes for brief periods can be good because it activates the release of tears which lubricate our eyes. Rubbing even stimulates the vagus nerve which in turn slows down our heartbeat, helping relieve stress. 9. The a_ of rubbing our eyes.Paragraph TenThe rapid rise in the number of specialty cafes shows that consumers aren’t just drinking more coffee-they are becoming more sophisticated as well. A&A Coffee in 2017 could only sell about 10 cups of coffee a day. Today, the cafe sells some 100 cups during weekdays and 150 cups on weekends, and this can be attributed to the rising coffee culture in China. 10. An i__ fee consumption because of the rising coffee culture.

Directions: In the following passage, there are six groups of underlined sentences. Read the passage carefully and translate these sentences into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on your Answer Sheet.Jim Trelease has devoted the past 16 years to promoting what he considers the best-kept secret in education today. 1. “Most people don’t believe me when they first hear it,” he says. “They dismiss it for three reasons: One, it’s simple. Two. it’s free. Three, the child enjoys it. So how good can it be.”His audience tonight, mostly young parents and teachers gathered in the St. Helena, Calif., elementary-school auditorium, giggles nervously. “I know what you’re thinking,” Trelease says. “There are only24 hours in a day. It’s true. But who ever told you that parenting was going to be a time-saving activity?” 2. Trelease continues to persuade them that no matter how busy they are, the foremost nurturing they can give a child, next to hugging him, is reading aloud to him. After graduating from the University of Massachusetts, Trelease went to work as a newspaper reporter in nearby Springfield. Then in 1967 a fourth-grade teacher invited him to talk to her class about his career. He had so much fun that he was soon making 40 unpaid local school visits a year.On his way out the door of one classroom, he spotted a novel he had just read to his daughter. “Who’s reading this?” he asked. Three girls sheepishly raised their hands. “Don’t you just love it?” he said. And for the next45 minutes he and the kids talked about books.“From then on I always saved time to ask the class what they had read lately,” Trelease says. 3. “And with time I began to see that the kids were reading less and less, except where the teachers read aloud to them. I wondered whether there was a connection between how much you read to children and how much they want to read themselves,”In professional reading journals Trelease found a wealth of research to support his hunch. 4. Talking to neighbours, relatives and colleagues, he realized that to most people reading aloud was something you did when your child wouldn’t go to sleep. Perhaps that was because these parents were rarely read to as children.“It is the child’s listening vocabulary that feeds his reading vocabulary,” Trelease says. To illustrate, he reads the opening paragraph of Roald Dahl’s The Enormous Crocodile. “Two crocodiles lay with their heads just above the water. One was enormous. The other was not so big.” Now let’s suppose a child does not know the word “enormous”. Which is going to be more effective: hearing it in the context of a story, or seeing it isolated from meaning on a flashcard? 5. Remember, if a child has never heard the word, he’ll never say it. And if he’s never heard it or said it, it’s going to be difficult when the time comes to read it.Trelease advocates reading aloud to children as soon as possible. “When did you start talking to your child? On the day she was born. If a child is old enough to talk to, the child is old enough to read to.” Case histories bear him out.Upon the birth of their daughter, Marcia and Mark Thomas received a copy of Trelease’s best-seller, The Read-Aloud Handbook. 6. They had a special reason for wanting to promote Jennifer’s intellectual development: she was bon with Down syndrome, “We figured it couldn’t hurt,” says Marcia “so we put her on a diet of ten books a day.” When Jennifer required surgery as an infant, her parents left books on tape for the nurses to play. By age five Jennifer was reading on her own.

By the year 2005, the number of teens, ages 14 to 17, will swell by 17 per cent, with an even larger increase among people of color——20 per cent among African-Americans and 30 per cent among Latinos. Given the difficult conditions in which many of these youngsters grow up-with inferior schools and violence-torn neighborhoods-many more teenagers will be at risk in the years ahead.Tragically, the number of violent teens has grown in recent years, even as the population of teenagers has contracted. But the teen population has bottomed out and is now on the upswing. If current rates of offending remain unchanged, the number of teens who commit murder and other serious violent crimes shall increase, if only because of the demographic tumaround in the population at risk. However, given the worsening conditions in which children are being raised, given the breakdown of all our institutions as well as of our cultural norms, given our wholesale disinvestment in youth, our Nation faces the grim prospect of a future wave of juvenile violence that may make the coming years look like “the good old days.”The hopeful news is that there is still time to stem the tide-to prevent the next wave of youth crime. But we must act now-by reinvesting in schools, recreation, job training, support for families, and mentoring. We must act now while this baby-boomerang generation is still young and impressionable, and will be impressed with what a teacher, a preacher, or some other authority figure has to say. If we wait until these children reach their teenage years and the next crime wave is upon us, it may be too late to do much about it.The challenge for the future, therefore, is how best to deal with youth violence. Unfortunately, we are obsessed with quick and easy solutions that will not work, such as the wholesale transfer of juveniles to the jurisdiction of the adult court, parental responsibility laws, midnight curfews, the V-chip, boot camps, three strikes, even caning and capital punishment, at the expense of long-term and difficult solutions that will work, such as providing young children with strong, positive role models, quality schools, and recreation programs.One of the most compelling easy solutions is the “three strikes you’re out” movement for repeat offenders that has swept across America, from Washington State, where it began, to Washington, D.C., where our congressmen and congresswomen are eager to show their constituents that they can strike out the side on crime.1.increase（Para. 1）2.not as good as something else（Para. 1）3.reduced in size （Para. 2）4.the act of committing a crime （Para. 2）5.any change from one thing to its opposite （Para. 2）6.accepted standards or ways of behaving （Para. 2）7.complete（Para. 2）8.stop something from spreading or developing （Para. 3）9.an activity people do for pleasure（Para. 3）10.easily influenced （Para. 3）11.an official number （Para. 3）12.too worried about something （Para. 4）13.the power to make legal decisions （Para. 4）14.of a high standard （Para. 4）15.moved quickly and powerfully （Para. 5）

Building trains every day, Guo Wuchun in his 50s from Zhuzhou, Hunan province, was not satisfied. He wanted more. He wanted to reach for the sky. His dream was to build and fly a helicopter that he made. It finally came true after five years of research and development. Video footage showing Guo’s test flight in his coaxial helicopter（同轴直升机）has gone viral on Sina Weibo. It had been viewed more than 38 million times as of Monday. Many netizens call it an inspiring story that shows everything is possible as long as you dare to follow your dream and never give up.“When I was a boy, I dreamed of building a plane, but most people thought that it was an unobtainable dream for me, a middle school graduate,” Guo says. But his education background didn’t stop him from realizing his dream. Without formal education and training, Guo figured out helicopter design on his own. Working at the Zhuzhou CRRC Timly Forge Co. has brought Guo a step closer and gave him the required craftsmanship. In the factory, he mastered skills such as gas-cutting and welding among others.From the basics of helicopter aerodynamics to coaxial rotor systems, he has devoured the vast resources available in professional books and online. For the English materials that he cannot understand, he has asked friends to translate for him. He has been a frequent visitor to various auto shows to look for motors which may suit his helicopter. In his makeshift studio at his home’s rooftop, he has collected scrap copper vehicle parts and other discarded metal for necessary components for his helicopter, which has been his “treasure”. Piles of used tires and steel pipes have been stored in his studio.His first model was created in 2015, but it could not take off. Eventually, after numerous failed attempts and four models, Guo got himself in the air this month, with some netizens calling him a “Chinese Wright brother”. With its tank full, the flight can last two hours, according to Guo. He didn’t reveal how much he has spent on the project. The CRRC saluted Guo on its Sina Weibo account, commenting that Guo challenged the impossible.Many amateur aircraft enthusiasts, including Guo, face difficulties in getting a special airworthiness certificate in the experimental category. This certificate is issued by the Civil Aviation Administration of China allowing enthusiasts to legally operate aircraft for non-commercial purposes of recreation and education. According to the Civil Aviation Administration of China News, amateur-built aircraft have been popular in recent years with tens of thousands of people creating their own.1.Guo Wuchun had a dream that one day he would（）.2.Guo got the required skills for building a helicopter from（）.3.Guo finally got himself in the air（）.4.What can we learn from the last paragraph（）.5.Guo’s story tells us that（）.

China’s homegrown BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, which is currently used for weather and earthquake forecasts, land surveys and mapping as well as for navigation of taxis, buses and trucks, has found a new home in the bike-sharing sector as companies are using the technology for better operations and user experiences.Bike-sharing companies have started using the system in a big way after the final satellite in the BeiDou navigation system was launched last week. Shanghai-based bike-sharing company Hello Global has brought all its sharing bikes under the BeiDou umbrella, while Qingju Bike, owned by ride-hailing major Didi Chuxing, has put into operation shared bikes using the BeiDou services in Shenzhen of Guangdong province, Wuhan of the Hubei province and Beijing. Meituan Bike （formerly Mobike）has established an internet of things platform with millions of shared bikes backed by the BeiDou technology.Li Kaizhu, co-founder and executive-president of Hello Global, said, “The application of the BeiDou system is the first large-scale attempt in the shared travel sector. It will help shared bicycles better integrate into the urban public transportation ecology.”The BeiDou network will help users park vehicles in an orderly manner as the technology will prioritize the parking order of vehicles on municipal roads, he said.Hello Global has launched “designated return spot” mode in Shenzhen, requiring all shared bikes to be parked in designated zones for locking the bikes. Currently, the ratio of “designated return” of bikes surpassed 95 per cent.“The mode has effectively improved vehicle parking, and lowered management costs for government and enterprises. By using BeiDou, we are able to manage bike distribution more precisely,” Li said. In addition, it also helps the company to gauge bike requirements and relocate its resources accordingly, he said.Technicians can use the BeiDou system for real-time management of road vehicle information in the background and effectively control traffic tides, ride hotspots and vehicle accumulation, said an official from Qingju Bike.Wang Peng, assistant professor at the Renmin University of China, who specializes in transportation, said, “The 5G technology-empowered BeiDou system solves the signal problem of shared bikes. Previously, the bikes were equipped with 3G, or even 2G networks, and the signal was poor, making it difficult for users to find a bike or make a payment online. The combination of 5G and BeiDou solves the problem, offering a better user experience.”Yu Zejun, a research fellow at the research institution of China Fortune Land Development Co. Ltd, said that shared bikes are among the four major application fields-A （automobile）, B（bike）, C（cellphone）and D （drone）-of the BeiDou system. The location service offered by BeiDou is a key element in shared travel.1.The use of BeiDou system helps the bike-sharing companies to（）.2.Based on Paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true（）.3.The phrase “integrate into” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to（）.4.By using BeiDou, Hello Global is able to（）.5.What message can we get from the passage（）.

Hours before her wedding ceremony, Aisha Sarwari, then a recent graduate of an American university, was called into a room full of men: her brother, her uncle, a marriage registrar and her fiancé. The registrar asked three times if she consented to marry the groom. She said yes.Then he told her to sign a contract she had never seen, with her name and a thumb-print. She said yes to that, too. “It didn’t even occur to me that I should look at the document,” she says now. That document, known as a nikah nama, is a marriage registration and a prenuptial agreement （an agreement before marriage）all in one. It determines all sorts of things that may end up being of critical importance to the bride, in particular, from the way in which she may seek a divorce to the division of property if the marriage comes to an end.Yet many wives-to-be in Pakistan sign their nikah namas without reading them. Plenty do not know what they are signing. In Peshawar, a city in the north-west, nearly three-quarters of women, many of them illiterate, say they were not consulted on their marriage contracts.But asking for a say in the drafting would be fraught, anyway. At best, women who do will be accused of bad manners （for not trusting their new husband）or of courting disaster （because it is unlucky to talk of divorce before the marriage has even started）.At worst, it would be seen as inexcusable arrogance that might put the wedding in jeopardy. In some cases, marriage registrars, who are often imams, take matters into their own hands, simply crossing out bride-friendly clauses on the contracts.Even though such changes are illegal, an analysis of about 14, 000 nikah namas in Punjab province found that 35%had been amended in this way, according to Kate Vyborny, one of the researchers involved. “It’s ridiculous,” says Ms. Sarwari.Yet when the nikah nama, an Islamic tradition, was incorporated into Pakistani law in 196l, the government’s intention was to “secure to our female citizens the enjoyment of their rights under Koranic（可兰经）laws”. In fact, the ordinance in question did not just treasure up Islamic practice in law; it modernized it, modestly restricting a man’s rights and defining those of women. Men are still free to marry up to four women, but have to tell new wives about existing ones. Men can still divorce at will, but have to register the divorce in writing, and so on. Husbands are also required to state at the time of marriage, in the nikah nama, whether they admit their wives the same right they have, to end the marriage whenever they want, without having to go to court.1.What did Aisha Sarwari do before her wedding ceremony（）.2.It is obvious that some rules in nikah nama are usually（）.3.People think women who claim their rights in their marriage drafting are（）.4.What do you know about marriage registrars in Pakistan（）.5.Under Pakistani law after 1961, men’s rights are（）.

In Kentucky, as the Wall Street Journal reported, students in grades K-3 are mixed together regardless of age in a relaxed environment. It works great, the Journal says. Yes, scores on computation tests have dropped 10 per cent at one school, but not to worry: “Drilling addition and subtraction in an age of calculators is a waste of time,” the principal reassures us. Meanwhile, a Japanese educator informs University of Wisconsin mathematician Richard Akey that in his country, “calculators are not used in elementary or junior high school because the primary emphasis is on helping students develop their mental abilities.” No wonder Japanese kids blow the pants off American kids in math. Do we really think “drilling addition and subtraction in an age of calculators is a waste of time” If we do, then “drilling reading in an age of multimedia is a waste of time” can’t be far behind.There’s no denying that computers have the potential to perform inspiring feats in the classroom. If we are ever to see that potential realized, however, we ought to agree on three conditions. First, there should be a completely new crop of children’s software. Most of today’s offerings show no imagination. There are hundreds of similar readings and geography and arithmetic programs, but almost nothing on electricity or physics or architecture. Also, they abuse the technical capacities of new media to glitz up old forms instead of creating new ones. Why not build a time-travel program that gives kids a feel for how history is structured by zooming you backward A spectrum program that lets users twirl a frequency knob to see what happens.Second, computers should be used only during recess or relaxation periods. Treat them as fillips, not as surrogate teachers. When I was in school in the 60s, we all loved educational films. When we saw a movie in class, everybody won: teachers didn’t have to teach, and pupils didn’t have to lean. I suspect that classroom computers are popular today for the same reasons.Most important, educators should learn what parents and most teachers already know: you cannot teach a child anything unless you look him in the face. We should not forget what computers are. Like books-better in some ways, worse in others-they are devices that help children mobilize their own resources and learn for themselves. The computer’s potential to do good is modestly greater than a book’s in some areas. Its potential to do harm is vastly greater, across the board. 1.We can learn from Paragraph I that（）.2.Computers may inspire kids in learning by means of（）.3.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that computers can be treated as（）.4.Which of the following statement is true according to Paragraph 4（）.5.The author’s attitude towards the use of educational computer programs is（）.

Although the actual extent of computer crime is difficult to measure， most experts agree that it is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity. The principal reason for both the growth and the lack of accurate measurement is the difficulty in detecting a well-executed theft. Losses per incident thus tend to be higher than in other types of theft. 1.Once the computer criminal has compromised the system, it is just as easy to steal a great sum as it is to steal a little,and to continue stealing long after the initial theft. Indeed, the computer criminal may find it more difficult to stop his illicit activity than to start it.2. Computer criminals are.for the most part，well-educated and highly intelligent,and have the analytical skills that make them valued employees. The fact that computer criminals do not fit criminal stereotypes helps them to obtain the positions they require to carry out crimes. Being intelligent, they have fertile imaginations,and the variety of ways in which they use equipment to their advantage is constantly being extended. In addition to direct theft of funds, the theft of data (program-napping") for corporate espionage or extortion is becoming widespread, and can obviously have a substantial effect on a company's finances.3. Another lucrative scheme,often difficult to detect,involves accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts,with electronic transfer of the accumulated amount to the criminal's payroll. Employers are hardly concerned with pence, much less fractions of pence. In addition, of course,the company's total payroll is unaffected.Guarding against computer abuse --whether deliberate or accidental——involves attention to the following areas: (1) Protection of hardware from physical damage; (2) Protection of software and data. 4.The protection of hardware from accidental or intentional damage is a function of the environment in which the equipment is kept.The computer must be isolated from other company facilities, and access should be strictly controlled.No unauthorized person should ever be admitted to the computer area.Many insurance companies and security firms offer free evaluation of the physical protection of computer installations.The protection of software is a more difficult problem.5.Some risks are reduced by controlling physical access by unauthorized personnel，but most damage to software，accidental and intentional,is caused by those whose jobs require at least some access to the computer. The writer of the program is often the one responsible for its misuse. Programs devised exclusively for a particular company are therefore far more vulnerable to abuse and accident than standard software packages produced by external suppliers.A unique program is both difficult and expensive to replace. Accidental erasure, sabotage, or physical removal of a single disk or tape could mean that a whole system has to be rebuilt,followed by a lengthy testing process. 6.The creators of a custom-made program are almost always company employees, who may or may not have a vested interest in the program's function. Moreover, they can alter the program at will,and there is little management that one can do to make sure that alterations in a unique program are always legitimate.

Paragraph OneIn 1897, eight-year-old Virginia wrote a short, inquisitive letter to the editor of New York's newspaper，The Sun, in which she sought confirmation of Santa Claus's existence.The paper's editor, Francis P. Church, soon replied to Virginia's letter by way of an editorial,titled“Is There a Santa Claus?",which in fact remains to this day, the most reprinted English-language editorial in history.1.A letter to i __ . about the existence of Santa Claus.Paragraph TwoFareShare has been running as an independent charity since 2004. It collects food from supermarkets，cafe chains，bakeries and other retailers that would otherwise be thrown away and distributes it to 2,020 charities across the country.Last year it redistributed 7,360 tons of food, providing 15.3m meals and saving the British voluntary sector an estimated.2.FareShare's fighting against food w_.Paragraph ThreeOne way to get people to produce less garbage is to charge them for it.So-called pay-as-you-throw programs—-in which municipalities bill residents for their garbage--have been around for decades but are becoming more widespread.And they work. Now that (people) are aware that trash has a cost,they begin looking for alternatives to putting things in a trash can.3.Putting a p__on trash.Paragraph FourDrones are being used by tech-savvy farmers to monitor and spray crops, by researchers to measure environmental pollution and by Hollywood studios to capture action-packed footage for blockbuster movies. Drones are even saving lives, as first responders to coordinate operations and search for missing hikers.And of course, drones are being flown by hundreds of thousands of amateurs.4. Drones are used in a variety of f_.Paragraph Fivelt stands to reason that countries with larger populations might enjoy long-run economic advantages.People are the raw material of economic growth,after all. The more there are, the greater the likelihood that one becomes a Gutenberg or a Watt. In a world without much international trade，populous countries offer the largest markets, and comparatively more opportunity to boost economic output through specialization and trade.5.Population is a d_factor of economic growth.Paragraph SixOn paper，it looks as if San Francisco shouldn't have a homelessness problem. There are as many permanent housing beds as people who need them.The city spends hundreds of millions of dollars to help get people off the streets.Yet there are about 7,500 homeless in the city because of soaring rents and the difficulty of treating substance abuse, mental illness, and other health concerns.6. Homelessness problem e_in San Francisco.Paragraph SevenWhen Ottessa Moshfegh published her debut novel,"Eileen,"last August,she did so without an online publicity apparatus. Vanity Fair noted that Ms.Moshfegh，7, was an anomaly because she had neither social media profiles nor a website. There wasn't much personal information floating around about her,either. Ms. Moshfegh had made herself (apart from her work) somewhat un-Googleable.7.Ottessa Moshfegh doesn't release her i_ into the digital world.Paragraph EightThe many different things a language can and must do are the subject of Are Some Languages Better than Others?, a book from 2016 by R.M.W. Dixon of James Cook University in Australia. Mr. Dixon dispels old colonialist prejudices that European languages are sophisticated and indigenous ones primitive.Indeed,many of the most nuanced discriminations are required not by French or German but among isolated traditional communities.8.A book about whether some languages are s_ to others.Paragraph NineI wonder what life will be left for me in China in the future. I've long nursed vague plans of moving back to China to live for a few years, to get to know it better and solidify my place there. But with each year that passes in the U.S. ,such a move gets harder and harder to make.9.The h_of a Chinese emigrant to the U.S.Paragraph TenAcademic economics recruits too few women. Also,many of those who do work in the profession say they are treated unfairly and that their talents are not fully realized. As a result,economics has fewer good ideas than it should and suffers from a skewed viewpoint. It is time for the dismal science to improve its dismal record on gender.10.The p__against women in workplace.

Not change for change's sake, but change to preserve America's ideals—-life,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.Though we march to the music of our time,our mission is timeless.Each generation of Americans must define what it means to be an American.On behalf of our nation,1 salute my predecessor，President Bush,for his half-century of service to America.And I thank the millions of men and women whose steadfastness and sacrifice triumphed over depression and fascism.Today,a generation raised in the shadows of the Cold War assumes new responsibilities in a world warmed by the sunshine of freedom but threatened still by ancient hatreds and new plagues.Raised in unrivaled prosperity, we inherit an economy that is still the world's strongest，but is weakened by business failures，stagnant wages，increasing inequality, and deep divisions among our people.When George Washington first took the oath I have just sworn to uphold,news traveled slowly across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat.Now, the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instantaneously to billions around the world.Communications and commerce are global; investment is mobile; technology is almost magical; and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn our livelihood in peaceful competition with people all across the earth. Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy.Communications and commerce are global; investment is mobile; technology is almost magical; and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn our livelihood in peaceful competition with people all across the earth. Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy.This new world has already enriched the lives of millions of Americans who are able to compete and win in it. But when most people are working harder for less; when others cannot work at all; when the cost of health care devastates families and threatens to bankrupt many of our enterprises, great and small; when fear of crime robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom; and when millions of poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to lead--we have not made change our friend.We know we have to face hard truths and take strong steps. But we have not done so. Instead,we have drifted,and that drifting has eroded our resources,fractured our economy, and shaken our confidence.Though our challenges are fearsome, so are our strengths. And Americans have ever been a restless,questing, hopeful people. We must bring to our tasktoday the vision and will of those who came before us.1. the ideas of something that is perfect (Para. 1)2.one who held an official position before you (Para. 3)3.gained complete success or victory (Para.4)4. very old (Para. 5)5.an economic state of growth with rising profits (Para.6)6.not growing or developing (Para. 6)7.stand up for (Para.7)8. immediately (Para.7)9.of worldwide scope or applicability (Para. 8)10.engage in a contest (Para.9)11.have insufficient assets to cover the debts (Para.9)12. moved about aimlessly (Para.10)13. broke into pieces (Para.10)14.searching for (Para.11)15.a vivid mental image (Para. 11)

Recent scandals show that limiting ad partners’access to your data isn't enough to protect it.Facebook Inc., which turned 15 on Feb.4, spent the past year peppering you with apologias and promises about protecting your personal data from others. The company wants you to know that it doesn't sell your data to advertisers, per se, and that you can limit data sharing with some other apps. It's going to keep paying for pop-up kiosks and subway ads to reinforce that the thickets of data growing in its garden now are (imagine!) under your control.But Facebook still isn't being transparent about the ways it collects information on you, and it's quietly stepping up efforts to grab lots more.The company's knowledge goes far beyond status updates. It tracks people across the Internet on other companies’ websites and apps. It uses IP addresses to target ads to people who turned off location-based tracking on their phones. It's been caught collecting call and text histories from users’Android devices. It's stored facial data from people who never agreed to biometric scans. It was just caught monitoring the phone activity of some kids as young as 13.On Feb.7，Germany's antitrust regulator was expected to announce the results of a three-year investigation into whether the company has illegally used its market power to coerce data sharing consent. No wonder Facebook wants to have a different discussion about privacy. From his Senate testimony last year to a Wall Street Journal op-ed last month, Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg has stressed that Facebook isn't selling user data.In privacy terms, this is a largely semantic distinction. Facebook does sell clients your attention,tailoring ads to what your online behavior suggests you might like. The less data the company shares-due to privacy concerns or anything else--the more it can charge for exclusive access to its 2.7 billion global users.Europe is a step ahead: Under the General Data Protection Regulation enacted last year, Facebook has to more clearly disclose what data it's gathering and why when requesting that users click OK. Irish authorities already have seven investigations open on Facebook's tactics. If the company is in violation, it could be fined a maximum of 4 per cent of its global revenue.Of course, it's difficult to imagine any regulator conjuring a fine big enough to upend the data hungry business model of a company that made $21.7 billion in profit last year. And as long as Facebook is unwilling to limit its collection practices, we'll all have little choice in what we share.1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?2.According to Paragraph 2, Facebook .3.The word "coerce" in Paragraph 3 means .4.In Paragraph 4, by saying “semantic distinction”the author means .5. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

For expat parents, passing on their native languages can be a struggle. Not sharing your first language with loved ones is hard. Not passing it on to your own child can be especially tough. Many expat and immigrant parents feel a sense of failure; they wring their hands and share stories on parenting forums and social media, hoping to find the secret to nurturing bilingual children successfully.Children are linguistic sponges, but this doesn't mean that cursory exposure is enough. They must hear a language quite a bit to understand it—-and use it often to be able to speak it comfortably. This is mental work, and a child who doesn't have a motive to speak a language--either a need or a strong desire—will often avoid it. Children's brains are already busy enough.So languages often wither and die when parents move abroad. ConsiderAmerica. The foreign-born share of the population is 13.7%, and has never been lower than 4.7% (in 1970).And yet foreign language speakers don't accumulate:today just 25% of the population speaks another language. That's because,typically, the first generation born in America is bilingual， and the second is monolingual—-in English, the children often struggling to speak easily with their immigrant grandparents.In the past, governments discouraged immigrant families from keeping their languages. Teddy Roosevelt worried that America would become a“polyglot boarding-house".These days, officials tend to be less interventionist; some even see a valuable resource in immigrants’language abilities. Yet many factorsconspire to ensure that children still lose their parents’languages, or never learn them.A big one is institutional pressure. A child's time spent with a second language is time not spent on their first.So teachers often discourage parents from speaking their languages to their children. (This is especially true if the second language lacks prestige.) Parents often reluctantly comply，worried about theiroffspring's education. This is a shame; children really can master two languagesor even more. Research does indeed suggest their vocabulary in each languagemay be somewhat smaller for a while. But other studies hint at cognitiveadvantages among bilinguals. They may be more adept at complex tasks, better atmaintaining attention, and (at the other end of life) suffer the onset of dementialater.Languages are an intimate part of identity; it is wrenching to try and fail to pass them on to a child.Success may be a question of remembering that they are not just another thing to be drilled into a young mind, but a matter of the heart.1.Many immigrant parents feel a sense of failure because _.2.In Paragraph 2, by saying "linguistic sponges the author means that _.3.The word "wither" in Paragraph 3 means___.4. Which of the following statements is true based on Paragraph 4?5. Passing on the native languages to immigrant children is important because

In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What's sad is that even if it's the latter, we often accept it anyway because we are so accustomed to the way things are that we don't even recognize that they could be different. This is a phenomenon psychologists call functional fixedness.This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap: People are given a box of tacks .and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly. Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to affix it with melted wax. The psychologists had, of course, arranged it so that neither of these obvious approaches would work. The tacks are too short, and the paraffin doesn't bind to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task? The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle-holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it. To think of that, you have to look beyond the box's usual role as a receptacle just for tacks and re-imagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer to one degree or another from functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society.The political theorist Hannah Arendt coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt 's eyes,the complacent reliance on such accepted "truths also made people blind to ideasthat didn't fit their worldview,even when there was ample evidence for them.Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said."It can be found inhighly intelligent people.”Arendt was particularly interested in the origins of evil,and she considered critical thinking to be a moral imperative--in its absence, asociety could go the way of Nazi Germany.Fortunately，psychologists have found that anyone can unfreeze his or her thinking.One of the most effective ways is to introduce a little discord to one's intellectual interactions. What this all means is that,as difficult as it can sometimes be, talking to people who disagree with you is good for your brain.Soif you hate conspiracy theories and run into someone who believes that we faked the moon landing, don't walk away.Have tea with him or her. It can broaden your thinking in countless ways.1. In Paragraph 1, by saying “functional fixedness"the author means that._.2.The experiment in Paragraph 2 tells us that.3.In Paragraph 2, the word "receptacle"means___·4. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?5. What can we do to unfreeze our thinking?

Instead of producing goods or services-the traditional economic model"products"-older persons may contribute a“product”that has value to society,such as caring for children, caring for other older persons,caring for the oldest old,providing community leadership, mentoring or being an effective role model.Butin spite of their significant human and economic benefits, such contributions have not been figured into an economy's gross national product.And they have not been appropriately valued.Over the past several decades，most industrialized countries have experienced a substantial drop in the average age at which individuals retire from the. labour market. Longer life expectancy and better health have not been accompanied by longer working lives. As a consequence,these countries are facing serious concerns about the viability of social security systems. A key challenge for these countries is to mitigate the effects of a drop in the working age population by increasing and prolonging the participation of older people in the labour market.Social protection is a basic component of decent work. The objective of most social protection schemes is to provide access to health care and income security.But today more than half the world's population is excluded from any type of social security protection.In most developing countries, no more than 20 per cent-and sometimes as few as 5 per cent--of older persons can expect to receive a pension or adequate health care. People working in the informal economy, predominantly women, are likely to have very low or no income in old age.For older persons, the main expenditure tends to be on health. Health care is an essential part of social protection in any society, and as the global population ages, it is essential that health services adapt to new demands. Even in countries where the family takes on the responsibility of caring for frail older people, global pressures and trends suggest that the elderly will increasingly be forced to rely on themselves,as younger people move from rural to urban areas for economic reasons.A growing sector of the population that will certainly require care is the oldest old, those 80 years of age or older. Some have developed strategies for caring for themselves and for each other, and are thus able to receive and give care and support, to remain independent and to have control over their own lives.But the percentage of the oldest old is growing very rapidly, and there is an urgent need, particularly in developing countries, to expand care and security networks.1.According to Paragraph 1, older persons.2. What can we learn from Paragraph 2?3.Most older people in developing countries .4. we can learn from Paragraph 5 that health care.5. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

The mystery of the homing pigeon is in how it navigates and how it finds home. It may be taken away in a covered-up cage, even a cage that is turned round and round to purposely confuse any sense of direction. To get home, it must fly over country that it has never seen before.1. Suppose this were to happen to you? What would you need to find your way home(besides a good pair of legs)?I think I would ask for a compass, which always points north, to help find direction. I would also want a map. If a map shows where my home is, then I can use the compass to point me in the direction toward home. Much of the study of homing pigeon leads to the idea that pigeons need the same kind of information as we do. They need to know how to tell direction and they need something like a map to tell which direction is home.The first part seems to be pretty well answered, and we know of two ways that pigeons tell direction. First, they use the sun. Just getting rough direction from the sun is easy. It rises somewhere toward the east and sets somewhere toward the west. 2. Getting accurate direction from the sun takes more care. You need to pay attention to the time of the year. Then you need to watch the path of the sun closely at each hour of the day. To tell direction accurately from the sun,a person needs to know the exact time.Plants and animals that have been studied carefully (including people) seem to have build-in clocks. 3. These biological clocks, as they are called, usually are not quite exact in measuring time. However, they work pretty well because they are“reset”each day, when the sun comes up.Do pigeons use their biological clocks to help them find directions from the sun? 4. We can keep pigeons in a room lit only by lamps. And we can program the lighting to produce artificial “days,”different from the day outside. After a while we have shifted their clocks. Now we take them far away from home and let them go on a sunny day. Most of them start out as if they know just which way to go, but choose a wrong direction. They have picked a direction that would be correct for the position of the sun and the time of day according to their shifted clocks.We have talked about one of the more complex experiments that lead to the belief that homing pigeons can tell directions by the sun. But what happens when the sky is darkly overcast by clouds and no one can see where the sun is? Then the pigeons still find their way home. 5. The same experiment has been repeated many times on sunny days and the result was always the same. But on very overcast days clock-shifted pigeons are just as good as normal pigeons in starting out in the right directions. So it seems that pigeons also have some extra sense of direction to use when they cannot see the sun.6. Naturally, people have wondered whether pigeons might have a build-in compass—something that would tell them about the directions of the earth's magnetic field. One way to test that idea would be to see if a pigeon's sense of direction can be fooled by a magnet attached to its back. With a strong magnet close by, a compass can no longer tell direction.

Villages are less subject to the stop-go traffic we see in city centers. There's less air pollution in your country retreat—a thing which increases the chances of developing respiratory conditions or heart disease. You also get more opportunities to take long walks and see the sights(meaning more exercise). Less noise, more walks and better air can also lead to less stress and an increased life expectancy.1. Benefits of r life.

Language learning is nothing new, but technology has made it easier than ever to grasp. The popularity of language-learning apps has boomed around the world, especially as more people are working or studying at home. They are usually easy to use because you can access them on your smartphone. And apps can offer languages not popular enough to be taught at evening classes or schools or universities.1. Language- learning apps are c .

We all have foods we like and dislike. But we sometimes hold back on things that may offend the noses of others. When dining alone, we can consume whatever we like, with the added bonus that we might be able to eat more healthily. When dining solo, we can make the choice depending on our desires at that moment and get our nourishment at exactly the time we're hungry!1. The joys of e alone.

For some people, fitness has become an obsession as they aim for perfection.And fitness trackers and apps can add to this addiction, especially if someone is driven by achievement and perfectionism. And sharing data on social media means exercising becomes public and competitive, which could cause problems in someone who is vulnerable.1. Some people are too c about fitness.

Researchers have discovered evidence that proves trees are actually intelligent. Trees talk and share resources right under our feet, using a fungal network. Under the ground are tree roots, and mingling among them, along with bacteria, are thousands of superfine threads of fungi. Research has shown that they are all interconnected. They can help each other by sharing nutrients, and they can even warn of approaching threats.1. Trees are c .

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