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Although considered the most biologically diverse ecosystem in the world, coral reefs（珊瑚礁）are declining rapidly due to overuse, pollution, and warming temperatures. In recent years, the negative impacts of sunscreen （防晒霜）on coral reefs have also raised alarm. While slathering up（涂上厚厚一层）is important if you’re going to be at the beach all day, many people don’t realize that thousands of tons of sunscreen wash off our bodies and into the ocean every year. Once in the water, certain chemicals in sunscreen negatively interact with the surrounding environment. These chemicals have been shown to inhibit coral growth, disrupt coral reproduction, and promote coral viruses.

As well as income, tourism creates employment. Some jobs are found in travel agencies, tour operators and other intermediaries supplying services in the generating areas, but the bulk of jobs are created in the tourist destinations themselves, ranging from hotel staff to deck-chair attendants, from excursion booking clerks to cleaners in the stately home open to the public. A very large number of these jobs are seasonal so that tourism’s contribution to full-time employment is considerably less than its contribution to “job-hours”. The multiplier which works for income also works for employment. If tourists stay at a destination, jobs are directly created in the tourism industry there. These workers and their families require their own goods, services, education and so on, giving rise to further indirectly created employment in shops, pubs, schools and hospitals.

Directions: Translate the following into English on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 硬通货2. 目标市场3. 旅游资源4. 运载能力5. 商业饭店6. 人事部主任7. 游艺室8. 规模经济9. 统计专家10. 行李票

Directions: Translate the following into Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.1. recreation vehicle2. round trip3. market-oriented reform4. en route5. need deficiency6. resort hotel7. resident manager8. subsidized exchange rate9. deep-seated tradition10. load factor

1. He doesn’t know how to（） the pressure of modem city life.2. His computer is（） mine.3. Working hard,（） lack of sleep, made him weak.4. Their co-operation is（） the success of the company.5. We cannot afford a mistake like that. It will perhaps（）disastrous consequences.6. Many guests are not（） the low efficiency of this hotel.7. If a wild animal is（） a cage for a long time, it will become listless.8. He enjoys traveling because he can always（） pleasure and relaxation（） it.9. The small town seems to have（）a lot（）the rapid development of tourism.10. Due to the backward management, the hotel is losing money. You must find a new manager to the business.

Each culture has its own form of acceptable greeting behavior, usually based on the level of formality found with the society. The rules of social distance etiquette (礼节)vary by culture. Africans, for example, are far less（1）in their greetings than Europeans. Expect a warm physical greeting, an extended handshake or a hand on the shoulder in most African cultures. Also expect to be（2）how your trip was and how your family is doing. The tradition of long greetings stems （3）the time when Africans once walked miles to visit neighboring villages on social calls. On the arrival, a gushing (说话滔滔不绝的) greeting was considered the（4）a villager could do for a traveler. Don't be impatient with such long tedious（5）and don’t hurry things along. Rather, get into the spirit and（6）that the person you came to see is prepared to take the time to sincerely（7）about your welfare.In Argentina, greetings are usually effusive (过分热情的)with plenty of hugging and（8）, not unlike the French faire la bise (kiss on both cheeks). This is even the（9）in business greetings, unless they are of a highly formal nature. In Argentina, men kiss women, women kiss women, but men do not kiss man. By（10）the Chinese way of greeting shuns the physical touch. It is（11）a nod or a slight bow.（12）, when dealing with individuals from cultures where more direct physical contact is the norm, e.g. a handshake, the Chinese will（13）and shake hands. Don’t interpret a soft handshake or lack of eye contact（14）a sign of weakness or lack of aggression. It simply means that your colleague is not（15）to physical contact when greeting a stranger.

The discovery that language can be a barrier to communication is quickly made by all who travel, study, govern or sell. Whether the activity is tourism, research, government, policing, business or data dissemination, the lack of a common language can severely impede progress or can halt it altogether.Although communication problems of this kind must happen thousands of times each day, very few become public knowledge. Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has major con sequences, such as strikes, lost orders, legal problems or fatal accidents——even, at times, war. One reported instance of communication failure took place in 1970, when several Americans ate a species of poisonous mushroom and two of them died because of no remedy. In fact, a treatment for this case had been successfully used in 1959 and published in 1963. Why had the American doctors not heard of it seven years later? Presumably because the report of the treatment had been published only in journals written in European languages other than English.Several comparable cases have been reported. But isolated examples do not give an impression of the size of the problem——something that can come only from studies of the use or avoidance of foreign-language materials and contacts in different communicative situations. In the English-speaking scientific world, for example, surveys of books and documents consulted in libraries and other information agencies have shown that very little foreign-language material is ever consulted.The language barrier presents itself in stark form to firms who wish to market their products in other countries. British industry, in particular, has in recent decades often been criticized for its linguistic insularity——for its assumption that foreign buyers will be happy to communicate in English. A similar problem was identified in other English-speaking countries, notably the USA, Australia and New Zealand. And non-English speaking countries were by no means exempt——although the widespread use of English as an alternative language made them less open to the charge of insularity.The criticism and publicity given to this problem since the 1960s seems to have greatly improved the situation. Industrial training schemes have promoted an increase in linguistic and cultural awareness. Many firms now have their own translation services. Some firms run part-time language courses in the languages of the countries with which they are most involved. It is now much more readily appreciated that marketing efforts can be delayed, damaged or disrupted by a failure to take account of the linguistic needs of the customer.1. Which of the following words can be best used to replace the word “impede” in the first paragraph?2. Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 2?3. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that（）.4. The word “insularity” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to（） .5. It will be a tendency for the companies to（） according to the passage.

Step right up and prove why you should get a one-way ticket to Mars! Well, wait——you might want to know a little more about the venture first.A Dutch company called Mars One began looking Monday for volunteer astronauts to fly to Mars. Departure for the Red Planet is scheduled for 2022, landing seven months later in 2023.The space travelers will return...never. They will finish out their lives on Mars, representatives from the nonprofit said. “It’s likely that there will be a crematorium (火葬场), ” said CEO Bas Lansdorp. “It’s up to the people on Mars to decide what to do with their death.”Still, the company said it has received more than 10,000 e-mails from interested would-be spacefarers.The one-way ticket makes the mission possible because it greatly reduces costs, and the technology for a return flight doesn’t exist, according to Mars One’s website. At a news conference, Lansdorp maintained that “no new inventions are needed to land humans on Mars.”The biggest obstacles, he said, are financial. The company has revealed some of its sponsors and hopes to gain more via media coverage. It’s not clear whether enough money will be collected in time. There are also practical issues: Can the kinks in having a sustainable system for people to survive in such a harsh environment be worked out by 2023?“Questions of reliability and robustness have to be answered before we leave Earth,” said Grant Anderson of Paragon Space Development Corporation, which builds life-support systems and is joining the Mars One effort.1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?2. The word “spacefarers” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to（）.3. The most difficult part of the program is that（）.4. What are the practical issues of the program?5. The word “robustness” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to（） .

The degree of congestion which tourists will tolerate before the site begins to lose its appeal is called（）.

The impact of tourism on values and norms includes the following EXCEPT（）.

The economic effects of tourism are usually categorized into four groups including the effect（）.

The lifeblood of the organization of a hotel is（）.

Hospitality became a business venture in 1282 when a group of innkeepers in（）was incorporated as a guild and licensed to sell wine.

The most stimulant in the 19th and early 20th centuries to vacations within the US, Canada and Europe was（）.

Which of the following description is NOT the characteristic of scheduled services?

The three categories of package tour brochures include the following EXCEPT（） .

Most travel principals sell their products to consumers through the medium of（）.

The characteristics of business travel exclude being（）.

The development of bus and coach tours and railway excursions has had their greatest impact on those（）.

The passengers of cruise ships are usually considered（）.

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