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Despite the death of the cassette tape in the 1990s, in the first six months of 2020, nearly 65,000 music cassettes were sold in the UK, according to the Official Charts Company—double the sales from the same period the previous year. The reappearance of the cassette has been helped by big names such as Justin Bieber and Ariana Grande, who have released their music on this format.1. The r of cassette tape.

Monday can make us grouchy and depressed, and the feeling is described as the Monday blues. It's probably true that the sound of our alarm clock on Monday morning signals the dawning of a new week and the end of our weekend of fun.Research shows our Monday mood can be based on a direct comparison to the day before. Psychologists call it an emotional shift.1.A scientific e of Monday blues.

We live in a world where we're always racing from one task to another.Duties, be it work or personal, can feel relentless. Sometimes we just need to switch off, relax and reboot. A little procrastination can help detach us from the pressures of modern life. According to psychotherapist F. D. Barth, watching TV,taking a long bath or listening to music can help us to ease off.1. Procrastination can be b .

Do we really need 8 hours'sleep? While most scientists agree that between seven and nine hours a night is optimal, this is just a rough estimate. It seems that how many hours of sleep you need depends upon your age—with infants needing much more than adults. What does seem apparent is that around seven and a half hours'sleep is a good choice.1. The proper a of sleep people need.

Mediterranean diet pyramid emphasizes eating fruits, veggies, whole grains,beans, nuts, legumes, olive oil, and flavorful herbs and spices. Eat fish and seafood at least a couple of times a week;and poultry, eggs, cheese and yogurt in moderation, while saving sweets and red meat for special occasions. Top it off with a splash of red wine(if you want), remember to stay physically active and you're set.1.R on daily healthy diet.

The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the “game of life”is really a game of trade-offs. As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, and passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you've passed some of your“prime”, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time.WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST? From 18 to 25, according to IQ scores;but you are more experienced with increasing age. You're sharpest in your 20's;around 30, memory begins to decline, particularly your ability to perform mathematical computations.“But your IQ for other tasks climbs,” says Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bellak to suggest that “maturity quotients”(MQs instead of IQs) be adopted for adults.WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST? For men, from 15 to 25;for women 15 to 30.“A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,”says New York internist Dr. Donald Tomkins. “His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infection is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients.”Women,for reasons scientists do not understand, get a five-year bonus. Peak health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism(cell growth) is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism(cell death).“Cells have been dying since birth,”says Tomkins,“but in our late 20’s, they start dying faster than they are replaced.”Also, muscle is replaced with fat.Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life. The figures of National Institute of Health show that the onset of such“old age”diseases as arthritis, rheumatism and heart ailments denies the generally greater fitness of women:Life expectancy for men is now 68.3; for women 75.9. U.S. aging authority William Kannel says, “Older women with low blood pressure are practically important.” However, psychologists believe that by entering the competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give up their statistical advantage.1. remain alive after someone else has died(Para.1)2. ability to solve the problems in clever new ways(Para.1)3. sensible judgments and understanding(Para.1)4. making one feel less worried(Para.1)5. the most active or thiriving period in one's life(Para. 1)6. reach the highest or best point(Para.1)7. gradually become worse or lower (Para.2)8. the processes of calculating(Para.2)9. the quality of behaving in a sensible way like an adult(Para.2)10. using something in an effective way(Para.4)11.a pleasant thing that you did not expect in a situation(Para.4)12. completely different(Para.4)13. the beginning of something unpleasant(Para.5)14. refuses to allow someone to have something(Para.5)15. in the end(Para.5)

My past students and collaborators are starting to organize a scientific conference for my 60th birthday to be held about a year from now. Their gesture reminded me of Rabbi Hanina's words:“I have learned much from my teachers,more from my colleagues, and the most from my students.”We all started as students. Just as kids bump into things as they're learning to maneuver through the world, many of us have scars and bruises from early encounters with our mentors. Conflicts arise when those mentors attempt to establish their authority by trying to make us respect traditional thinking.Memories of these events should encourage us to do better as we change roles and mentor others later in life.For example, the first advice I received from my postdoctoral mentor was to develop specialized skills and focus them on a narrow niche of the field, where I would establish myself as the world expert. But I decided not to follow this advice as soon as I recognized that by drilling down narrowly, one often encounters the bedrock of a subject, where no further progress can be made. Under these circumstances, the potential for a breakthrough improves with a broader perspective, which identifies the outlands of the bedrock and enables“out of the box”opportunities for drilling deeper around it. This is especially helpful after the discovery of something unusual and unexpected that cannot be explained within the prevailing model.Keeping in mind the fallacies of indoctrination into a narrow expertise, I encourage my students and postdocs to think broadly and independently about the most exciting problems in astrophysics, such as:“What happened before the big bang?”;“What will happen in our distant cosmic future?”;“What is the nature of dark matter?”;“What happens when one gets close to a black hole singularity?”;“When did life start in the universe?”;or“How can we find relics in space from other technological civilizations?”It is customary to consider a student's raw potential as a stand-alone commodity whose value can be judged through examinations. But my experience taught me that young scientists do not blossom into exceptional researchers unless they are supported by encouraging words and inspiration;these ingredients are as essential as nutrients and water are for seeds of flowers. Accomplishments are sometimes self-fulfilling prophecies;without the initial belief in the potential of a student to become a successful scientist, this outcome may not come to fruition.As chair of the Harvard astronomy department for almost a decade, I witnessed multiple examples of students who were initially very slow to make progress but blossomed academically as soon as they selected a different advisor and a new topic for their Ph.D. A successful mentoring experience often reflects a good interaction between a fledgling scientist and an advisor.1. In Paragraph 2,“ scars and bruises ” are used metaphorically to show .2. The author decided not to follow his mentor's advice because he thought .3. In Paragraph 3, the word “ bedrock ” refers to .4. In Paragraph 4, the author encourages his students to .5. In order to become a successful researcher, young scientists need .

The cities of the world are sick. As the coronavirus pandemic continues,people living in metropolitan areas have been among the worst hit, unable to socially distance effectively and sometimes plagued with preexisting conditions that their cities helped create. Many municipalities weren't built with highly transmissible infectious disease—— or human health——in front of mind, and the toll of Covid-19 is making that oversight all too clear.The Covid-19 pandemic is a chance to focus that attention on what can—and should—be changed, to reevaluate the way cities are built, maintained, and lived in. In the midst of this crisis, some cities have already begun doing so by closing roads to cars to create room for bicyclists and socially distanced pedestrians, or by building additional hospitals and homeless shelters. These stopgap, reactive steps are important and needed, but they will do little to slow or stave off this pandemic or help prevent the next one. To ward off the outbreaks of the future, it's time to start thinking proactively, and long-term.The best way to stop a pandemic is to never let it start. The majority of infectious diseases, including those responsible for pandemics, started out as animal pathogens(病原体). Generally speaking, these diseases don't spring from wild animal populations to humans, either. They evolve from pathogens impacting domesticated animals:the avian flu (bird flu) from poultry;MERS likely from camels;swine flu, from, well, swine. There's less consensus about the actual origin of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, but everyone agrees it was cross-species transmission, whether birds, swine, or horses were the culprit. But, according to James Spencer, who studies city planning at Clemson University and has conducted research on avian influenza, it's not viruses that jump hosts in purelyrural areas that go on to become pandemics. “If we want to prevent these things,”he says, “we have to do a better job of managing the extremely rapid changes going on where agriculture and urbanization are happening in the same space.”The technical term for these areas is peri-urban, places that are integrating with a developed city while still keeping a foot in the agricultural world. They are especially common in rapidly urbanizing countries. When Spencer was studying avian influenza in Vietnam, he found it wasn't the places that either totally lacked water and sewage systems, or the ones that had already developed them, that had seen the most destructive spread of the virus. It was the places beginning to construct their basic infrastructure.“My initial take on this is, if you can get those basic things right, and plan them out well,[spread of disease] can be minimized,”he says. “Not just the human infrastructure;the infrastructure to manage the hygiene of tens of thousands to millions of individual animals. It's not the wet market that's the problem, it's that they don't have any way to clean them.”1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?2. Which of the following is true based on Paragraph 2?3. In Paragraph 2, the phrase “ ward off ” is closest in meaning to .4. The author uses the examples of avian flu, MERS and swine flu to show that .5. According to the study conducted by James Spencer, .

You don't have to be a botany expert to decipher what it means when somebody sends you a rose. Every year on Feb. 14, millions of people exchange the flower to express their love—and an estimated 250 million roses were produced for Valentine's Day in 2018, according to the Society of American Florists.But the rose's life as a symbol didn't begin with romance. In Victorian England, women's roles in society were limited by custom and norms. Within those structures, learning the language of flowers——the notion that each and every flower has its own meaning—was one activity deemed domestically appropriate for them. And for ladies in that situation, its communicative possibilities also held an appeal that other domestic arts lacked;“the possibility that some women sought methods of covert communication and expression exists,” Mary Brooks wrote in Silent Needles, Speaking Flowers.The early popularization of this practice is credited to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of a British ambassador to Turkey in the 18th century.Enthralled by a Turkish version of flower language, Lady Montagu wrote a series of letters home to England in 1716. She described the Turkish tradition as a way of assigning meaning to objects in order to send secret love letters. Montagu's letters, published in 1763, wrote of her perceptions of this practice:“There is no color, no flower, no weed, no fruit, or herb that has not a verse belonging to it:and you may quarrel, criticize, or send letters of passion, friendship, or courtesy, or even of news, without ever inking your fingers,”she wrote. But the Lady was actually incorrect in her interpretation.In spite of Montagu's misunderstanding, word of the concept spread. Langage des fleurs, a dictionary for the language of flowers by Charlotte de Latour, was published in France in 1819, a century after Montagu's discovery. Nine editions of the English translation of the book, which alphabetically defined each flower,were printed within three decades of its publication. De Latour's translated Language of Flowers covered most popular flowers we buy, sell and give today, from the mistletoe's importance during Christmas to the musk rose's symbolization of“capricious beauty”.In de Latour's chapter on the rose, the flower is not only defined as meaning “love”, but the plant itself is romanticized.“Who that ever could sing has not sung the Rose!The poets have not exaggerated its beauty, or completed its panegyric,”she wrote. Nature seems to have exhausted all her skill in the freshness, the beauty of form, the fragrance, the delicate color, and the gracefulness which she has bestowed upon the Rose.1. In Paragraph 1, the word “ decipher ” means .2. According to Paragraph 2, learning flower language is deemed as .3. What do we learn about Lady Montagu from Paragraph 3?4. What information about rose can we gain from the last two paragraphs?5. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?

Of all the continents, the most drastic reduction in wildlife has occurred in North America, where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammals, and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon or the eastern elk. They have been wiped out.Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U.S. Department of the Interior has put no fewer than 109 species on the endangered species list.(An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection.) This list includes everything from the timber wolf to the whooping crane. Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is threatened.Animals that kill other game for food are called predators. The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, bobcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock. Eventually,a reward was offered to hunters for every predator that was killed. This reward is called a bounty. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief funder of predator-control programs.The settlers also brought with them their Old World fears and superstitions concerning predators. Whether preying on livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions,and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.Yet every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature's grand design.Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old, and injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Their kill also provides food for scavengers that feed on carrion. Occasional loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature.Overhunting an animal is an obvious form of extermination, but there are more subtle processes that often have the same fatal result. One of these is destruction of habitat. When farmers introduced sheep and cattle to North America, the domestic animals competed with the wild animals for the available grazing land. Animals like the buffalo and the pronghorn antelope, which once roamed the plains in countless numbers, were either killed or pushed off the grasslands. Today, a few remnants of these giant herds are protected from hunters in national game preserves and wildlife refuges.1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?2. In Paragraph 2, the word “ predators ” refers to .3. Which of the following is true based on Paragraph 2?4. Predators are important in the natural world because .5. What message does the author want to get across to his readers?

(25 points, 4 points each for 1-5, 5 points for 6)Since their first appearance on earth, men have gathered information and have attempted to pass useful ideas to other men. （1）The carving of word-pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as hieroglyphics on stone tablets represent some of men’s earliest efforts to convey information. Scenes of hunting, maps of battles, and the stories of heroes were put down for all to see.But as civilizations grew more complex, better methods of communication were needed. The written word, carrier pigeons, the telegraph, and many other devices earned ideas faster and faster from man to man.（2） In recent years one type of machine, the electronic computer has become increasingly important in the lives of all the people in the industrialized nations of the world. Computers are now widely used aids for communication, calculation, and other activities. Their effect becomes more important every day.Man has always been interested in extending the range of his senses and the power of his mind. Through the years, he has invented many instruments to help him see better and understand more.（3）. The telescope, for example, was invented to allow him to look at faraway objects. To see the very small things in the world, the microscope was developed. Radio, telephone, and telegraph are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing and speech.While developing his power of thought, man first began to identify and count objects. He began to ask the questions “What is it?” and “How many?”. It was a long time ago that this numbering and comparing of things began.（4）. New ways of helping with counting and recording information evolved. Marks of different kinds were taken to represent certain quantities, and other marks were taken to represent relationships between quantities.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were developed.Electronic computers are among the fastest and most useful instruments for sorting and comparing in use today. （5）. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy in working with ideas than had previously been possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.Although man has been growing mentally richer ever since he started to think, the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him to perform tremendous “mental” tasks in a relatively short time. Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use. With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed, and used more rapidly than ever before.（6）. Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filling, distributing, and keeping track of records and publications can be as troublesome as calculating. Errors occur because men grow tired and can be distracted.The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information, perform mathematical or logical operations with the information, and then supply the results of these operations as new information.

Paragraph TenBats emit a very high frequency sound and listen for the echo that bounces off objects. The difference in time between emitting the sound and hearing the echo allows the bat to build up a mental “picture” of its environment. Homing pigeons can fly back to their home lofts by using the Earth's magnetic field to navigate.The animals with s _______ powers.

Paragraph NineSome air pollutants can cause cancer, problems with having children and other very serious illnesses as well as environmental damage. Air pollutants have killed people swiftly when large quantities were released; the 1984 release of methyl isocyanate at a pesticide-manufacturing plant in Bhopal, India, killed approximately 4,000 people and injured more than 200,000. Air pollutants can be f _______.

Paragraph EightStudies have shown that people forced to share workspaces reported feeling marginalized, experienced more distractions, negative relationships and uncooperative behavior, not to mention feeling like their supervisors were being less supportive. Studies also find that open plan offices can have some negative psychological effects, reducing employee satisfaction, focus, and their feelings of having privacy at work.Open office e _______ and its negative effects.

Paragraph SevenSpinach may cause Alzheimer’s disease in at-risk people, research suggests. The salad leaps iron-rich content may damage the brain similar to how the compound causes metal to rust, according to the researchers. People with high levels of iron, which has previously been associated with Alzheimer’s, are more likely to experience rapid cognitive decline, a study found.Iron-rich v _______ may lead to Alzheimer’s disease.

Paragraph SixDriving for more than two hours a day negatively affects IQ levels, scientists have warned. In what might come as unwelcome news for middle-aged commuters, a recent study found that long periods behind the wheel could speed up the effects of age on the brain because the mind is less active on long car journeys.Driving for a long t _______ may dull your mind.

Paragraph FiveEconomists long ago point out why it is bad for a single firm to dominate a market. They believe that monopolists can set prices almost as they please. Worse, if a company has no fear of competition, it needn’t worry too much about keeping customers happy and creating new and better products.The c _______ of monopoly.

Paragraph FourRecent research suggests that tea-producing areas in some places, notably East Africa, could decline by as much as 55 percent by 2050 as temperatures change. Tea pickers are also feeling the impacts of climate change. During harvest season, increased air temperatures are creating an increased risk of heatstroke for field workers. The effect of r _______ temperatures on tea production.

Paragraph ThreeIndustry needs automobiles for farming as well as transportation. Everyday, automobiles drive people to and from work. On weekends automobiles take families for joyful outings. And during holiday seasons, automobiles fill the highways everywhere, even in remote areas. It could be said that the wheels of automobiles move society forward.The w _______ use of automobiles.

Type D personalities usually have a low self-esteem and a great fear of disapproval. Negative emotions such as worrying, stress, depression and anger visit type D personalities more often. A small event that is usually overlooked by others can bother a type D a lot and even ruin his mood.A c _______ type and its features.

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