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From Monday to Friday, many of us have an early start and a long day. By the time we’ve gone to bed and managed to fall asleep, we’ve been woken up by the alarm to do it all again. Come the weekend, we’re totally exhausted. We sleep in way past our usual wake-up time just to stay in sync （同时）enough to start again on Monday.Welcome to social jet lag. That’s the term for the difference between our working-week sleeping pattern, when our sleep times relate to our responsibilities, and the weekend, when we can wake when we choose. And depending on what type of person you are, the difference can be significant.For night owls—those whose natural rhythm is to wake and go to bed later—there can be significant health-related issues, according to a recent study published by Taylor and Francis Group online. The study concludes the bigger the difference between working-week and weekend sleep times, the greater the health issues—including a higher risk of heart disease and other metabolic （新陈代谢的）problems. And because so many jobs and tasks start early, night owls are effectively forced into harmonizing with the early birds.So what can night owls do: force themselves to integrate by sacrificing their lie-in? “It’s the worst thing you can do,” says Professor Till Roenneberg at the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. This is because people's sleep pattern is half determined by genetics. The other half is related to their age and environment. Getting less sleep is unlikely to realign （调整）your genetic tendencies.Our bodies evolved to coordinate with the rise and fall of the Sun. We should feel sleepy as the light gradually disappears. But modern life, with its artificial light and modern devices, such as computers and smartphones, means we have turned away from the normal way. Now we are exposed to more light for longer periods of time, keeping our bodies awake longer. For night owls, who already tend to sleep later, this delays things even further.One solution, beyond changing society’s early-start tendencies, is to reorient our body clock by manipulating our exposure to light. By taking more sunlight in the morning and minimizing the amount of artificial light we are exposed to in the evening―particularly on electronic devices—we can rebalance our bodies to feel sleepy earlier. It’s far from easy, but better than losing your whole weekend to sleep.1. What causes social jet lag according to the passage?2. What does the study say about the result of having night owls' sleep pattern?3. Which of the following plays a decisive role in people’s sleep patterns?4. What makes night owls stay up even later in modern life?5. What is the best way to rebalance our bodies to feel sleepy earlier?

My friend’s ten-year-old daughter Julia has a new hobby. Like many of her school pals, she hopes to become a video blogger—a “vlogger”. She’s started to record clips of herself for others to watch and "like”. She showed me a few, and then gave me a list of famous vloggers to watch. Their names sounded so bizarre. But they are totally familiar to teenage girls.Like an earnest marketing executive, Julia explained to me that it was all a matter of numbers. If her videos are viewed 40,000 times on YouTube, she can have advertisements placed on them; 100,000, and companies would start sending her products to promote. One million and she’d be a YouTube star.This seemed a peculiar phenomenon but Julia is not alone. In fact, her dream is perfectly normal for her generation: one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 have uploaded a video to YouTube. Who can blame them? Vlogging can now be a well-paid career. Unlike the more traditional dream jobs—pop star, doctor, footballer, scientist—it doesn’t take much effort. All it requires is a smartphone and gallons of youthful self-confidence.There're plenty of people with that. The 27-ycar-old British vlogger Zoclla has made millions from her channel. Ryan, the six-year-old American host of the YouTube channel RyanToysReview, made £8.5 million last year from reviewing toys and sweets.Popular genres on YouTube are the “haul video"—where a vlogger reviews recently received items—and the "unboxing video”，in which products are opened and then discussed. The message is: “I’ve got this, and you haven't.” And then comes, “here's where to buy it”. What the vloggers seem to have worked out is that the internet is a giant sales opportunity.Not every girl can be Zoclla, so the real winners are the tech companies, who are constantly improving their systems to extract the maximum revenue from their audiences. They are keen to show their desire to help protect children from the darker areas of the internet. “YouTube Kids” is an app （应用软件）which is meant to filter out inappropriate videos, but that is easier said than done. Algorithms （计算软件）haven't yet developed the moral sense to know what is good for children.My friend said she was concerned about her daughter's vlogging but that it was difficult to intervene, for most girls in her class were obsessed with it. The girls all hope they might earn millions, travel the world and become famous.1. What does paragraph 1 mainly say about Julia?2. Julia believes that her videos on YouTube can make her very____.3. How does the author feel about Julia’s dream?4. What does the girl in the “haul video” do?5. What does the author say about “YouTube Kids”？

In the second half of the 19th century, Europe was swept by a “mania （狂热）for Japanese aesthetics （美学）”，said Nina Siegal in The New York Times. Closed to outsiders for centuries, Japan had opened itself up to trade and diplomacy, allowing the rest of the world to discover its unique visual culture. Artists were particularly taken with Japonisme, as it was known, and none more so than Vincent van Gogh （1853-90）. Although he never actually visited Japan, the Dutch artist developed a "fascination" with Japanese woodcut prints, collecting hundreds of examples. Increasingly attracted by Japanese culture, van Gogh studied and copied these prints, and their influence inevitably bled into his work. A new exhibition at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum brings together nearly all of the artist’s “major” Japanese-influenced works, as well as about 50 of the prints that played a role in the evolution of his “distinctive style”. This show has been five years in the making, said Michael Glover in The Independent, “and it delves into （探索）this subject as never before”.Van Gogh undoubtedly had a “reverence” for Japanese printmakers like Utagawa Hiroshige and Katsushika Hokusai, said Jonathan Jones in The Guardian. Two “direct copies” he made of Hiroshige nature scenes hang alongside the originals, demonstrating the intense passion with which he studied the work. He drew on Eastern spiritual philosophy too, depicting himself as “a Japanese priest with shaven head” in a “tragic” late self-portrait. Yet I can’t help feeling that the exhibition overstates the importance of Japanese art in van Gogh’s work. It suggests that everything from his still life drawings to masterpieces like his “lovely” 1888 painting The Harvest were directly inspired by the likes of Hokusai, yet both clearly owe more of a debt to Dutch painting traditions. Ultimately, the claim that van Gogh's art was transformed by Japanese culture “simply does not hold up".I disagree, said Waldemar Januszczak in The Sunday Times. Seeing van Gogh's work paired with the Japanese prints, it’s obvious they were crucial to the development of his style. He learnt compositional tricks from Japanese woodcuts, embracing their use of colour and perspective. More crucial still, they led him to create art with a “devotional relationship to nature’’ entirely new to European painting. This is an important and appealing show that will lead you to an “inescapable” conclusion: "Japanese art turned van Gogh into van Gogh”.1. What can we learn about Japan in the second half of the 19th century?2. How did van Gogh react to Japonisme?3. What do we know about the exhibition at Amsterdam’s Van Gogh Museum?4. What was Jonathan Jones’s view about van Gogh’s paintings?5. What did Januszczak think of the effect of Japanese paintings on van Gogh’s works?

One simple solution to the gender pay gap is that if women don’t like how much they’re being paid by their employers, they should simply quit their jobs and work for themselves. That makes me laugh out loud. Research shows that in 2016 self-employed men earned an average of £363 per week, while their female counterparts earned a third less at £243.The reality is that women in self-employment run into exactly the same problems that those working for someone else’s business do. First, numerous self-employed women are in sectors which are traditionally lower paid, like caring and cleaning professions. Then, there is the belief that women tend to ask for less than men, and so they are simply paid less. A 2016 academic study showed that in employment both men and women would treat a female asking for a pay rise differently from a male. Although they might get the raise, the company would tend to hold it against them and see them as difficult or demanding. This instinctive reaction teaches women that they can ask for money but it’s going to be a difficult experience and they’re going to be resented for it.For me, however, the greatest reason for the pay gap in self-employment is the motivation behind striking out on your own. For men, the most common reason is because they want to be their own boss, for women it’s because they want a better work-life balance. Women have a level of caring responsibilities that traditional employment doesn’t allow them to meet. There’s also the reality that childcare is expensive, and support for this doesn't kick in for a few years. Women looking at sacrificing their entire salary simply to pay someone else to look after their child might think they’re better off working for themselves.We're only going to see more of this as caring responsibilities grow. We know that women are hit by a double-bind （双重约束）of children and ageing parents, that it's more difficult for them to re-enter the workplace after taking time out for children, and that they’re more likely to prioritize flexibility over money.You might say that these are choices that women make, and that if they choose to make them then they have to accept they earn less. But what would happen if they didn’t make these choices? If no one looked after their children or ageing parents?Self-employed women are doing the same juggling （同时做多件事情的）act their employed peers are doing, and they're being punished for it in the same way. The gender pay gap doesn't disappear because you work for yourself—it only widens.1. What does the author think of the proposed solution to the gender pay gap?2. What can we learn from paragraph 2?3. What would a traditional employer do to a female employee with caring responsibilities?4. The author holds that, like their employed peers, self-employed women_____ 5. What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?

Walking is just not enough, according to a new review of the evidence from Public Health England （PHE）, which reveals a major disconnect between the exercise people need and what they actually do.Those who thought 10,000 steps a day or a brisk daily trudge （跋涉）from a further bus stop meant they were doing enough to stay fit and healthy have got it wrong. People should also all be doing tai chi, weight lifting or ballroom dancing.Aerobic （有氧的）exercise, such as walking or gardening, is good for the heart and improves the circulation. PHE's review said that muscle and bone strengthening and balance activities are also vital for health and future wellbeing, but they are neglected. Strengthening and balance activities not only help prevent falls, but also help improve mood, sleeping patterns, increase energy levels and reduce the risk of an early death.Muscles tend to be at their peak in our 30s, said Louise Ansari from the Centre for Ageing Better, and the muscle tone is going by the time we reach 40 unless we actively work on it. The best forms of exercise, according to the review of evidence, are ball games, tennis, dance, Nordic （北欧人的）walking and resistance training—usually training with weights. These exercise both arms and legs, strengthening muscles and helping us keep our balance.Ansari said the type of exercise required depends on a person’s fitness. “If you are a reasonably fit adult and you do walking, you should also do yoga or tai chi or tennis or resistance training which could be in a structured exercise class.”But exercise doesn’t have to be in a gym, she added. “You can also make sure you go up and down stairs a lot instead of taking the lift. That is resistance training. Your body is providing the resistance. You don’t have to go to the gym. As long as you are feeling the ache in your muscles.”Dance of all sorts is good for muscles and balance, from folk to ballroom. “If you don't feel you can go to a full-on dance class because you are a bit weak, standing on one leg for 30 seconds a day or tai chi is very good.”Ansari said she doesn’t use a gym. “I don’t go and lift weights, but I make sure I’m carrying shopping home and carrying things around—consciously lifting weight.The advice is not just for the elderly. “Alongside aerobic exercise, all adults should be aiming to do strengthening and balancing activities twice per week,” said Ansari. “On average we’re all living longer and this mixture of physical activities will help us stay well in our youth and remain independent as we age.”1. What can we learn from the new review given by PHE?2. What is the advantage of walking according to paragraph 3?3. Which of the following is resistance training?4. What does Ansari like to do for keeping fit?5. What does Ansari advise people to do?

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(63) Congress is the legislative branch of the Union. and. it consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each House serves as a check on the other. (64)The main. function of the Congress is to pass Jaws for the Union. The revenue bills- proposed laws to raise money for the government -must begin in the House. Only after the House hasapproved them can the Senate act on them. (65) The House alone. also has the. power Io choose a President under certain circumstances. Congress is not only the U.S. national legislature but also a political body. (66) Most representatives and senators try to carry. out the programs of the. political parties to which they belong. Today, the Democrats and the Republicans are America's two largest political parties. (67) Whichever. party wins the largest number of seats in the House is the majority party and the other party is the minority party of the House. The same is true in the Senate.(From Three Branches of the Federal Government)（63）

What was the academic situation in Germany when the German Empire was established?

What was it that influenced American academic freedom and how did American understand it?

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