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At the age of 97, John Goodenough became the oldest person ever to win a Nobel Prize. The chemistry professor thercby settled an old score: 33 years before he won the award his employer, the University of Oxford, tried to make him retire before he wanted to. He “fled”, in his words, to Texas where he has spent the entire intervening period happily working.Professor Goodenough's work ethic demonstrates what is wrong with the often told story in rich countries about the young shouldering an ever greater burden as they support an ageing population. Those like the professor who might once have been pensioned off by their mid-sixties are now working longer. The young, meanwhile, do not go off to ean as carly as they once did, and spend far longer studying.Social scientists have traditionally used a “dependency ratio” comparing the number of those between the ages of 15 and 64 to everyone else in order to assess the sustainability of welfare states. Those of “working age” must support those who cannot work. A high dependency ratio means fewer people are funding health care, education and social security programmes.This vision of the workforce is out of date. Advances in medicine mean many people can, and choose to,work far longer than the age of 65. Others, especially the low paid,who have not accumulated private pension rights, have been forced to continue working as state pension ages have increased.As globalisation and automation have reduced the number of manufacturing jobs in rich countries, workers in the west have been able to keep going for longer. Physical labour wore out the bodies of factory workers and miners, but accountants and call centre operators face different kinds of stress.In the US, where overall participation in the labour force has been declining since the financial crisis, those above the age of 65 are more likely to be in work now than before 2008. This pattern is the same across rich countries.The traditional definition of “working age” is redundant. The 15-64 age band should be put out to grass. Instead, experts should use a version that reflects the new milestones in the developed world.The University of Oxford still has a retirement age of 67, arguing that it needs to “refresh" the ranks of senior academics. Professor Goodenough is a reminder that allowing them to recharge might be more appropriate. 1. What do we know about Professor Goodenough in Paragraph 1?2. Which of the following does the author consider wrong in rich countries?3. Which of the following is a factor behind a sustainable welfare state?4. Who is a physical laborer?5. What does the author think of the retirement policy of the University of Oxford?

Healthy children come in all shapes and sizes. Being physically fit is more important than Body Mass Index （BMI） when it comes to getting good grades. A new study by Dr. Robert R. Rauner and colleagues from Lincoln Public Schools and Creighton University in Nebraska found that aerobic（有氧运动的）fitness has a greater effect on academic performance than weight.The study found that although BMI is an important indicator for overall health, it did not have a significant effect on test scores. Dr. Rauner and his team found that aerobically-fit children were 2.4 times more likely to pass math tests and 2.2 times more likely to pass reading tests than aerobically-unfit children. Even though the consequences of childhood obesity are well known, many school districts across the country have reduced physical education classes and recess time. This new study highlights that regular activity is an important part of closing the achievement gap. Forcing kids to sit still and cram for tests without including a regular outlet for physical activity can backfire（适得其反）.According to Dr. Rauner,“Schools sacrificing physical education and physical activity time in search of more seat timefor math and reading instruction could potentially be pursuing a counterproductive approach.”The study notes that both aerobic fitness and socio-economic status have a similar impact on academic performance. Among poorer children who received afree or reduced lunch at school, the odds of passing the tests were still greater than those of students who were aerobically-unfit, but not as high as those not receiving a free or reduced lunch. Because aerobic fitness is casier to improve than socio-economic status, Dr. Rauner is pushing for regular physical activity to be built into the school schedule.Rauner says that physical cducation has been treated as optional for U.S. schools in the past few decades, “but I am hopeful we have passed that low point...and can reverse things.”“There is well-established research showing that physical and mental well-being are connected,” says Rebecca Hashim, a clinical psychologist. “Some programs to treat depression use physical exercise, and studies with children show that exercise can raise self-esteem.If they feel better about themselves, perhaps they will do better academically.It makes sense,” she said. “There is no known negative effect of exercise, so if it could improve well-being, why not put resources behind it?”1. We can learn from the passage that weight may.2. The study found that aerobically-fit children . 3. Dr. Rauner's remark in Paragraph 2 can serve as. .4. What does the author say about aerobic fitness and socio-economic status in terms of bettering academic performance?5. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

Whether in public or private schools, teachers worried that their students with poor writing skills will suffer in college and the workplace. Some felt tom between their desire to enforce the rules and their fear of sucking the joy out of self-expression. And many were uncertain about how to help teenagers who didn't lean the foundations of grammar.Eighteen teachers met for a class last week with Mary Norris, a veteran copy editor at The New Yorker. The Academy for Teachers sponsored the class in the Manhattan offices of Scholastic, a publishing company.Ms.Norris began with a lighthearted demonstration of her perfectionism. Then she led the group in fixing mistakes she found in the media. Pointing to one example, she stressed that to put a comma between a subject and verb is a great error.Catherine Conley, a teacher at St. Jean Baptiste HHigh School, said that is “something my students love to do.”As the day went on, teachers expressed more concerns. They said formal grammar lessons have fallen by the wayside because of time constraints, an emphasis on hands-on projects and other priorities. Schools focus on reading comprehension and material emphasized on state tests,they said.Erika Stark, who teaches English at Bronxdale High School, said her supervisors want her to concentrate on meaning and analysis, not grammar, but she couldn't ignore her 10th-graders'mistakes.Several teachers said they struggle to deal with how much to be purists about spelling and punctuation （标点） in the era of texting. Their students often use abbreviations（缩写）in homework, such as “u” for “you,” and some see a period as a sign of aggression.Ambar Paulino, an English teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School, said some of her students use slang such as “ain't” and neglect subject-verb agreement when they speak. They don't realize they need to be more formal in academic writing. “I'm trying to find a balance so I'm allowing my students to find their voice but still follow some of the rules,” she said.Teresa Genaro, who teaches literature at the Packer Collegiate Institute,said she could envisage a day when writers no longer use capital letters at all. She corrects students who fail to capitalize “I” or “Catholic,” but also questions the necessity because she understands their intent.Ms. Genaro has her students write about rules that they think should be abandoned and why.“They are very compelling,” she said.1. What is the teachers' main concern about their students?2. What do we know about Ms.Norris?3. What has been dropped due to time constraints according to the teachers?4. In the era of texting, some teachers feel hesitant in .5. What do we know about Teresa Genaro's students?

Two legal cases, one in Germany and one still ongoing in the UK, show how the limits of patient confidentialityare being tested, and how this challenges long-established medical norms.In a trial coming up at the High Court in London soon, a woman is suing the hospital that diagnosed her father with Huntington's disease for not informing her. Huntington's is a fatal, incurable neurodegenerative（神经变性的） disorder caused by a mutation （突变） in a single gene.Every child of an affected parent has a 50 per cent chance of inheriting the mutation.The woman argues that, had she known her father's diagnosis, she wouldn't have given birth to her daughter, who is now herself at risk of Huntington's. Currently, in the UK as in many other countries, doctors are legally obliged to respect the confidentiality of patients unless they consent to their information being shared.Guidelines issued by professional organisations do acknowledge that situations can arise where a doctor has a duty of disclosure to third parties even in the absence of consent. The High Court trial will test whether that duty of disclosure should also be recognised in law. That could bring some much needed clarity to the area, but also create new problems. What if I test positive for a discase-causing gene variant and my family members, who didn't consent to be tested themselves, don't want to know they are at risk?This question was raised by a German case in which a woman sued a doctor for telling her that her ex-husband had Huntington's, meaning that their two children were at risk. The doctor acted with the consent of his patient, the ex-husband, but the woman's lawyers argued that the information was useless to her because the condition can't be cured and the children were too young to be tested anyway. Knowing her ex-husband's diagnosis without being able to act on it, the woman claimed, had sent her into a reactive depression and left her unable to work.The German case ended with a final decision that favoured the doctor,despite the fact that, unlike in the UK, the right not to know is legally protected in Germany, with respect to genetic information.Balancing these various rights isn't easy. In most cases, a gene test is likely to reveal only an increased risk of disease. The real problem is that the law is black-and-white,while predictive medicine is all about grey.1.What do the two legal cases both involve?2. What information can we get from the London case?3. In the London case, the duty of disclosure.4. In the German case,the woman .5. Which of the following explains the statement “"the law is black-and-white”?

Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents. (1) By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. (2) Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this cooperation. Building block toys and jigsaw puzzles and crosswords are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness and indulgence towards their children. (3) Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness and well-being.(4) As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. (5) To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are hypocritical and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent deceived. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' ethics and their morals can be a dangerous disillusion.(From Bringing Up Children)

Why does Julia's mother worry about Julia’s vlogging?

Why are the tech companies eventually the biggest money-makers by enabling many girls to vlog?

Unlike most of the other non-foolish holidays, the history of April Fool’s Day, sometimes called All Fool’s Day, is not totally clear. There really wasn’t a “First April Fool’s Day” that can be pinpointed on the calendar. Some believe it sort of evolved simultaneously in several cultures at the same time, from celebrations (1) _ the first day of spring.The closest point in time that can be (2) _as the beginning of this tradition was in 1582, in France. (3)__to that year, the new year was celebrated for eight days, beginning on March 25. The celebration culminated on April 1. (4)the reform of the calendar under Charles IX, the Gregorian calendar was introduced, and New Year’s Day was moved to January 1.However, communications being what they were in the days when news traveled by foot, many people did not receive the news for several years. Others, the more obstinate crowd, refused to accept the new calendar and (5) to celebrate the new year on April 1.These backward folk were labeled as “fools” by the general populace. They were (6) to some ridicule, and were often sent on “fools errands” or were made the butt (笑柄)of other practical jokes.This harassment (骚扰)evolved, over time, into a tradition of prank-playing (开玩笑)on the first day of April. The tradition (7) _spread to England and Scotland in the eighteenth century. It was later introduced to the American (8) of both the English and French. April Fool’s Day thus developed into an international fun fest, so to speak, with different nationalities (9) in their own brand of humor at the (20) __ of their friends and families. (From April Fool’s Day)

(invest) They were discussing the plan of____.

(guilt) I feel so____ about forgetting her birthday.

(locate) This corner would make a good_____ for a gas station.

(knowledge) The newspaper must be___, thoughtful and funny if it wants to be published largely.

(real) I____ think that this interesting scheme will work out.

(discover) Scientists announced the ____ of a new species of plant.

(balance) When I said that my life is out of balance I meant that I do not have a standard___ life.

(dictator) The country suffered for many years under his____.

(neighbor) I happened to be in the___ and Captain Ellis graciously invited me and photographer Adam Ferguson along for the ride.

(wood) Half of the participants were seated in hard,____ chairs, while the others sat in soft, cushioned chairs.

The English, as a race, have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities, including their closest neighbors, the French, Belgians and Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island (1) __has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalities.Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed (2) _. In the presence of strangers or foreigners he often seems inhibited, (3) . You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to sec the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit (4) _ or dozing in a comer; no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An English wit, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, “On entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers.” Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is (5) _of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicion.It is a well-known fact that the English have (6) _and that, given half a chance, they will talk about it (7) _. Some people argue that it is because English weather defies forecast and hence is (8) __ to everyone. This may be so. Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the meteorological experts—the weathermen—who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts. The man in the street seems to be as accurate—or as inaccurate—as the weathermen (9) _. This helps to explain the seemingly odd sight of an Englishman (10) ___with a raincoat slung over his arm and an umbrella in his hand. So variable is the weather that by lunchtime it could be pouring.(From The English Character)A. an obsession with their weatherB. an unwritten but clearly understood codeC. a source of interest and speculationD. leaving home on a bright, sunny, summer morningE. only among people he knows wellF. separated from the rest of EuropeG. even embarrassedH. at lengthI. accompanied by appropriate gesturesJ. reading their newspapersK. more or lessL. in his predictions

Arthur Morel was growing up. He was a quick, careless, impulsive boy, a good deal like his father. He hated study, made a great moan if he had to work, and escaped as soon as possible to his sport again.In appearance he remained the flower of the family, being well made, graceful, and full of life. His dark brown hair and fresh colouring, and his exquisite dark blue eyes, together with his generous manner and fiery temper （急脾气），made him a favourite. But as he grew older his temper became uncertain. He flew into rages over nothing, seemed unbearably raw and irritable.His mother, whom he loved, wearied of him sometimes. He thought only of himself. When he wanted amusement, all that stood in his way he hated, even if it were she. When he was in trouble he moaned to her ceaselessly."Goodness, boy!" she said, when he groaned about a master who, he said, hated him, “if you don't like it, alter it, and if you can’t alter it, put up with it.”And his father, whom he had loved and who had worshipped him, he came to detest. As he grew older, Morel fell into a slow ruin. There came over him a look of meanness and of paltriness （微不足道）.And when the mean-looking elderly man bullied or ordered the boy about, Arthur was furious. Moreover, Morel’s manners got worse and worse, his habits somewhat disgusting.“Dirty nuisance!” Arthur would cry, jumping up and going straight out of the house when his father disgusted him. And Morel persisted the more because his children hated it. He seemed to take a kind of satisfaction in disgusting them, and driving them nearly mad, while they were so irritably sensitive at the age of fourteen or fifteen. So that Arthur, who was growing up when his father was degenerate and elderly, hated him worst of all.Then, sometimes, the father would seem to feel the contemptuous （藐视的）hatred of his children.“There’s not a man tries harder for his family!” he would shout. “He does his best for them, and then gets treated like a dog. But I’m not going to stand it, I tell you!”As it was, the battle now went on nearly all between father and children, he persisting in his dirty and disgusting ways, just to assert his independence. They hated him.1. What made Arthur a favourite boy before he grew older?2. What does “even if it were she” in paragraph 3 mean?3. How many people are mentioned in paragraph 5?4. What does paragraph 6 say about Arthur’s father?5. Why did the father persist in his way of treating his children?

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