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Life Expectancy A greater number of people are now hitting the eighty-year mark than ten years ago. In fact, the life expectancy of the average human has gone up considerably and is rising still. This encouraging phenomenon is the result of many factors. Advancement in technology, improved quality of life, and people’s rising awareness about health are all conducive to prolonged lives.Scientific and medical breakthroughs ensure that patients receive proper and timely treatment. As people learn more about the human body, medical institutions and services become better equipped to tackle various health problems. Diseases such as cancer, which used to result almost inevitably in death, are now largely curable, provided they are diagnosed at an early stage. Tuberculosis and cholera now cause fewer deaths than in the past. Thanks to new drugs, therapies and vaccines, fewer people fail victim to the diseases that once threatened human lives. With advanced facilities, infectious diseases are strictly monitored and controlled. The rate of mortality no longer reaches an alarming height even aider the outbreak of an epidemic. In addition to better health care, the improved quality of life definitely contributes to the longer life expectancy. People engage in less hazardous occupations. As far as food is concerned, they don’t simply enjoy the taste, but also good nutrition. Mineral water, fruit juice rich in vitamins, varieties of vegetables and dairy products are no longer luxuries. The general hygiene standard has gone up considerably as well. It is little surprising to find airy and sunny homes with shining kitchen sinks and shower heads. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________To conclude, advancement in medicine and technology, improved quality of life and heightened public awareness of good health account for the extended human life span. It can be safely predicted that the number of people who live longer and healthier will continue to go up.

Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion?Write an essay of about 300 words discussing this issue with the title given. Do Computers Make Our Life Easier? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

May I Help You? The world is rapidly changing from an industrial economy to a service economy. There are fewer and fewer small factories and farms. As a result, a decreasing number of people are employed in manufacturing. How many shoemakers or bakers do you know? You probably don't know any, but you do know the advertising people for the shoemakers and salespeople for oven manufacturers. In a service economy such as ours, there are service providers and consumers, who receive a service. According to the authority of the provider, there are three basic relationships between service providers and consumers: customer and salesperson, student and teacher, and patient and doctor. In the retail industry, people often say,“The customer is always right.” What they mean is that a salesperson never argues with a customer. If a 350-pound man wants to buy a pink bikini swimsuit, that's his business. The salesperson is there to make the customer feel good about shopping at that particular store so that he'll come back again and again. A salesperson can try to interest the customer in a different style, but she never tells the customer what to do. In the service relationship between the customer and the salesperson, the customer has all the authority. The relationship between a student and a teacher is different all over the world. It also varies depending on the age of the student. We tend to accept that“the teacher is always right”through the years of compulsory education. However, once people are old enough to make some choices about their education, the relationship changes. If you want to learn to play the piano, for example, you will probably look for a teacher who will teach you in the way you want to learn. Nevertheless, you still believe that your teacher knows much more about the subject than you do, so in this service relationship, the teacher has medium level of authority. Certain service providers have such specialized skills and knowledge that we tend to allow them complete authority in making decisions about what is the best. The doctor-patient relationship is an example of such a relationship. We expect (rightly or wrongly) that the doctor is such an expert that if she says,“You need surgery,”we usually don't say,“No, thank you. ”However, the medical profession is changing as many patients are becoming better educated about their conditions. It is now common practice in many parts of the world to get a second doctor's opinion about how to treat a serious illness. Even so, in the traditional doctor-patient relationship, it is the doctor who has most, if not all, of the authority. In conclusion, most of us will be on both sides in a service relationship at some point in our lives. You may be a customer at noon and a salesperson at 1 p.m. You may be a teacher at the age of twenty-eight and a student at the age of fifty-eight. If you become an expert in a certain field, such as engineering, medicine, law, or psychology, you may be a client or patient one day and the service provider the next. However, you will never be both at the same time, and providing great service to your clients will still be based on the fundamental principle of understanding what your customer wants and needs. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

To Change or Not to Change?In the modern workplace there is no longer the attitude that “a job is for life.”Nowadays, many people take the option to change jobs, while others prefer not to. In my opinion, there are both good and bad points of the above attitudes. One of the main benefits of staying in one job is security. Changing an employer often means a period of instability, where one may have to think about moving house, or temporarily losing a steady source of income. Staying in one job means these problems are avoided. Another benefit of not changing an occupation is that one is able to gain a lot of experience and expertise in his specific profession, thus enhancing job security. One’s company may recognize his loyalty and reward his service. On the other hand, those who often change jobs may be seen as unreliable and lacking in experience; thus employers might be reluctant to hire and invest training in them. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Overall, it can be said that the disadvantages of changing jobs are the advantages of staying put, and vice versa. In my opinion, changing jobs every once in a while is of more benefit.

Some people think good movies should be instructive and entertaining at the same time. What is your opinion? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your views.

How to Lose GracefullyLosing is a necessary part of life. Nobody likes to lose, yet in every even remotely competitive situation, someone will. Perhaps it’s the next promotion at work, or the selection of a student union leader. Even small things, like playing a card game, have an air of winning and losing to them. However, it’s what you do with that failure that makes all the difference. Assuming one is the "loser," all of these situations present a choice. One can either be a sore loser or a graceful loser. Losing gracefully is the first step to move forward and overcome the loss. In fact, graceful losers are hardly impacted by the loss at all, because they know another opportunity awaits them. They congratulate their opponent, embrace their failure and try to figure out where they went wrong. Graceful losers do not take failure personally, but they do accept responsibility. They learn from the loss, and then apply what they’ve learned so that next time they may win. Sore losers are quite the opposite. Perhaps the biggest risk of being a sore loser is this loss of hope for the future. Sore losers are stuck on the loss, and in so being, they may miss out on a new opportunity because of their poor attitude. Sore losers get angry. They blame their loss on the opponent, not taking responsibility for their own actions. Sore losers hold on to resentment, and may internalize their failure, leading to low self-esteem or even depression. Of course, making lemonade out of life’s lemons is not always easy. In fact, it can be downright hard. But it is a principle worth living by. How can you lose gracefully, even when you really, really wanted to win? Essentially, you need to realize that you never really lose. In fact, once you learn how to release the feelings about losing—the anger, the embarrassment, and the resentment—you will always feel successful. And then an amazing thing will happen. When you FEEL successful, you will ACT successful, and then, sure enough, you will BE successful. As you let go of the feelings that cause the sensation of loss, you discover that you never really lose anything. The objects in your life are always changing, but what you are at your core is changeless. The more you release on the fears and negativity about winning and losing, the easier it will be to accept things that do happen. When you lose or win, you’ll then be able to do so gracefully. By releasing your negative feelings, you allow the comings and goings of your life to simply happen as they do. This gives great relief and also allows you to be present with and for the new opportunities that are here every moment. Everyone has failed at some point in his or her life. This is nothing exceptional. Even in adverse situations, one should keep in mind the principle of losing gracefully. A graceful loser will turn into a potential winner while a sore loser a bigger failure.

Benefits of Face-to-Face Communication Face-to-face communication is the first basic communication method. In the era of information technology, people are now faced with a myriad of communication options. Be it letters, emails, or telephone conversations, none is more effective than face-to-face interaction, because it helps the speaker to convey a complete message, obtain immediate feedback, and build trusting relationship. In addition, face-to-face communication provides immediate feedback. If the message is ambiguous, the speaker can clarify it right away. The listener can raise questions if he feels confused. Hence, the speaker can detect and prevent possible misunderstandings or confusion among the listeners. Since all the people involved in the interactive process can easily see each other, their approval, interest, or disregard can easily be deduced and dealt with. Renowned CEOs, like Bill Gates, attach much importance to face-to-face communication and highly appreciate the timely responses of the staff at business meetings. Lastly, face-to-face communication enhances the relationship between people. It’s difficult to build rapport only over emails or through phone calls. It seems that people tend to depend less and less on face-to-face talks to express their gratitude and appreciation, but this form. of contact is extremely important for establishing trusting relationship. As an office worker, what would you feel when your colleagues come up to your desk and congratulate you on the great report you sent or the presentation you made recently? If a team leader calls his team members to the office just to say “thanks” and pat their backs, the team will be sure to take a liking to him immediately. Even in the modern world full of electronic communication devices, face-to-face communication remains the most powerful human interaction. Without face-to-face communication, information recipients have to interpret an incomplete message, because much of the information gained in communication is derived from non-verbal cues. They have no chance to question the speaker or clarify the information. Moreover, they are unlikely to feel warmth from or build trust on the message deliverer. Therefore, face-to-face interaction cannot be replaced by other forms of communication.

Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which view do you agree with? Write an essay of about 300 words discussing this issue with the title “Are Teachers Necessary in the Process of Learning?”

My Opinion on Campus Flea Market As we university students progress from one grade to another, we may find that besides other things, we have accumulated a large pile of things that are no longer useful, for example, textbooks, test preparation materials, tapes and CDs. How to deal with the pile is really a big problem. Some throw them away, some keep them as souvenirs, and some sell them in the flea market on campus. The flea market has much to offer for sellers. Obviously it can help sellers get some money. By selling things that are no longer needed, they can cover some of the original cost. This can be of much importance to students who need money. Last semester I sold about 30 books in the flea market, and the money was enough to cover my food bill for almost a month. Besides, selling things in the flea market can also help sellers cultivate a good habit of making the fullest use of their belongings. This will prevent them from throwing things away at will, thus becoming a thrifty person. If it just benefits sellers, the flea market can not be so prosperous. In fact, buyers also gain a lot. Things sold in this place are usually much cheaper than the new ones in stores, but the function is almost the same. If students buy their textbooks and other reference books here, they can save about 200 yuan every semester. It is said that second-hand book stores are very popular in foreign countries, and many students from poor families finish their studies by getting most of the books there. In China there are also many students troubled by financial difficulty. If the university authorities can organize a regular flea market, many poor students will find it easier to finish their university. The third benefit, which is usually neglected, is the positive influence on environment. This may sound irrelevant, but in fact, if we use second-hand products, we can help save paper and printing materials, and this can greatly reduce the negative impact on the already fragile environment. What's more, if we develop the habit of reusing products, we can make our contribution to the establishment of recycling economy that the government is advocating. Experts estimate that if all the textbooks in universities can be used again, we can save about one hundred million yuan in environmental protection. This fully demonstrates the social significance of the tiny market place. Therefore, if well managed, flea markets on campus can benefit sellers, buyers and the whole society as well. Of course, some of the used things may become valuable souvenirs and we should keep them all our life. As for those things that we can get rid of, we should carry them to the flea market rather than to the dustbin.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Young People's Early Independence Compared with the older generation, young people nowadays tend to be more independent at an earlier age. Some think it is good to young people; others worry about the possible negative impacts on them because of the lack of their parents' proper guidance. I am of the opinion that young people's early independence has both advantages and disadvantages. Many people believe that earlier independence helps young people understand the world better and accumulate more social experience, which is invaluable for their future life and career. As far as I am concerned, one learns best from practical experience. Thus early independence can offer more opportunities for young people to experience more without their parents' guidance. In this way, it is more likely for them to succeed and bring their talent into full play. Moreover, living on their own means, they have to face and overcome difficulties by themselves. Therefore, it may help them mold a sound and unyielding character on their way to strive for their independence and maturity. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Therefore, young people should be well advised to give serious thought to both the advantages and disadvantages of early independence before making the decision to leave home and face life's challenges alone.

Traditionally, Chinese families would gather at home and have a big dinner on the eve of the Chinese New Year. In recent years, however, many families choose to have the dinner at restaurants.Which do you think is a better choice, and why? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your views.

What Is a Rodeo? “Rodeo” is a Spanish word meaning "gathering place or marketplace for cattle.” A rodeo itself is a competitive contest based loosely on traditional cowboy skills of riding and roping.It consists of six major events：riding an untamed horse in a saddle; riding an untamed horse without a saddle; riding a bull; roping a calf; wrestling a bull to the ground; racing horses around barrels with women riders. A rodeo is perhaps the most genuinely American of all sports. The first rodeo took place following a cattle roundup in the 1880s.From this informal cowboy pastime，a colorful spectacle has evolved that contains many familiar American elements--the exciting action of bucking horses and bulls, the explosive masculine environment，the hot dog stands，beer barrels, boots, jeans, and cowboy hats. Today, most rodeos are staged in a large, flat arena that is fenced off to protect the viewing public. Grandstands are erected on two sides of the arena; on the other sides are places to hold the horses, calves, and bulls. Nearby are narrow chutes from which animals are released into the arena. On a platform a loudspeaker system is set up for the announcer, who introduces the riders and comments on the events as they happen.Near the arena are refreshment stands where people gather to buy food and drink. Portable rest rooms are set up near the grandstand，and an ambulance is parked nearby in case of an accident. An opening parade of proud riders on proud horses usually begins a rodeo;the performers carry flapping national and state flags. Then the two-act performance begins. Calf roping and bull wrestling are timed events.In the fastest possible time, a man must rope and throw to the ground a calf and tie three of its feet together.In bull wrestling, the object is to tumble the bull onto its back with its head and all its feet in line. Calf roping has been done under fifteen seconds, and a bull has been wrestled in less than ten seconds. When riding an animal, a contestant mounts before the chute gates are opened. The rider must stay on the bucking animal for eight seconds; points are given for the performance of both the animal and the contestant. In all riding events, the contestant is disqualified if he touches the animal with his free hand. Probably the most difficult rodeo feat is Brahman bull riding.During this event, a rodeo comes to resemble a circus because gaily-costumed clowns come into the arena to distract the bull’s attention from fallen riders.To stay on a bucking bull for as long as eight seconds is one of the most challenging tasks in a rodeo. Spectators eagerly wait for this event. The present circus extends far beyond the region where the contests first developed. Now rodeos are popular throughout the western half of the U.S.A. and in major eastern and southern cities. Australia also stages these events. One of the biggest rodeos of all is held during the annual Calgary Stampede in Calgary, Canada.

The Breakdown of Communication It is commonly acknowledged that language problems make communication between people from different cultures difficult. Because of the language barriers, people cannot express their feelings clearly to each other.However, communication problems also exist between individuals from the same culture.Although they have the same cultural background，they sometimes cannot understand each other well. Communication between individuals breaks down because of many factors.The most significant ones include personality, age difference and competition between individuals. Personality has a great influence on communication between people. First, the sharing of common interests is often essential for initiating communication. If two people hold completely different attitudes，it will not be easy for them to start communicating with each other.Second，the willingness to express their feelings and opinions freely is needed if meaningful communication is to be developed.Some people do not want to talk about controversial subjects, fearing that this will hurt their relationship with friends. Instead, they keep their discussion of topics at a very superficial level，which prevents them from knowing and understanding each other. The lack of understanding leads to unsuccessful communication. It is clear that personality, to some extent，affects the initiation and maintenance of communication. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Although age difference gives rise to communication problems between two generations，competition poses an even greater problem when people are about the same age.Intense competition in the modern world creates tremendous pressure on people. In order to get ahead in a career or in school, people tend to devote most of their time to working, studying, or other activities that enhance their prospects for the future. As a consequence，they have little inclination to communicate with others. They are anxious about their achievements because those are the measures of success in life. So, keen competition also discourages people from having a good understanding of each other. Communicating with other people involves much effort because people’s personality, the generation gap and keen competition bring about potential problems. These problems are constantly with us, and any of them may lead to a breakdown in communication between individuals.

Many people think that countries have a moral obligation to help each other, while others argue that the aid money is misspent by the governments that receive it, so international aid should not be given to the poor countries in the world. Write a short argumentative essay about 300 words discussing the two views of international aid.

Nowadays, giant jumble jets carry millions of people each day to and from almost all corners of the globe, giving most people the chance of visiting distant countries. However, many of us are sometimes, troubled by unfamiliar customs and traditions and are puzzled by the way foreigners behave. In my essay, both sides of the argument would be presented and analyzed as to whether we should follow the customs of the visited country, or all nations should be more willing to embrace exotic culture. Some people maintain that it is better for one to adopt host countries’ culture for the following reasons. First of all, as the old saying goes, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do,” by observing and following their particular way of doing things, travelers can greatly reduce the chances of misunderstanding and embarrassment. For instance, it is advisable not to ask a western lady personal questions such as her age or her marital status on the first meeting, which is common practice in China. Secondly, a nation’s customs and traditions are often fascinating and offer a unique insight into that very country. Obviously, people travel in order to broaden their horizon or merely to relax and enjoy themselves. But these aims could not be satisfactorily fulfilled if they have no idea about a country’s culture. Moreover, your interest in and understanding of their ways of life could help to establish a rapport with the local people, because people feel respected when their customs and behaviors are understood and imitated, and by doing things in their way, you become unconsciously a member of them and thus will no longer experience culture shocks. However, others also have strong reasons to believe that a country should tolerate and embrace foreign culture. In the first place, no country should cling to its old customs and traditions at all cost and expect others to follow suit. Culture should also be subject to changes brought about by advances in science and technology and the process of globalization. Like everything else, numerous traditional practices have been abandoned and people are forming new customs all the time. Besides, instead of challenging and damaging the local traditions, the customs brought by international visitors actually help to enhance our awareness of our own culture, by pointing out that what we take for granted is really not universally praised but rather unique characteristics of our own. In China, for instance, the Spring Festival is being celebrated with ever more enthusiasm despite the popularity of Christmas. Moreover, it is unjustifiable and unrealistic to expect visitors to alter their ways of doing things, and pick up some new behaviors and customs at short notice. Many Chinese Americans, for example, still live exclusively in Chinatowns and celebrate all the traditional Chinese holidays. Like a religious belief, one should be allowed to follow their own customs whenever and wherever they like. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter view that people can keep their own customs and nations should welcome cultural differences and integrate the positive aspects from other cultures to update their own. Apparently, if all are open-minded about different traditions and behaviors, the idea of a global village could come true in every corner of the earth, with people living in harmony and each enjoying his own cultural heritage.

With the rapid development of the modern society, education is becoming more and more crucial to both individuals and the society. The issue over what education should consist of has considerably aroused people’s wide concern. In this essay, I will seek to explore this complicated topic from diverse perspectives and what influence could be brought. Among the most important aspects education should consist of, one that should be stressed is professional knowledge education. On the one hand, under the fiercely competitive circumstance, people who have professional skills and experience attract many big companies. Therefore, professional knowledge gives people more opportunities to hunt an ideal job. On the other hand, this aspect of education is also significant to develop the society in the long run.In the second place, what is also worth noticing is that physical education is necessary for students, especially for teenagers. If you want to achieve success in the modern society, a strong body is the first premise, which always keeps you in shape. So education should push people to take care of themselves and this could bring great benefits to the healthy society. _ ____________________________________________________________________________________Judging from what I have discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that the three aspects cannot be separated in education. They play vital and important roles in the growth of individuals and the society. The fulfillment of both individuals and the society can be made as long as we lay emphasis on the three aspects mentioned above.

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