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Enter DeepSeek, This startup, founded in 2023, has taken a different path. Instead of relying on the usual hardware arms race, Deep-Seek optimizes its software and algorithms to reduce computational needs, Earlier this year, the company unveiled DeepSeek-Rl, a cutting edge Ai model trained on just 2,048 Nvidia H800 GPUs, a fraction of what companies like OpenAI use. The cost? Only $5.6 million. Compare that to the over $100 million routinely spent by the leading US companies, and the implications become clear： China is not just building AI capability, rather it is doing it in a smarter way.More importantly, DeepSeek has committed to open source much of its technology, a move that stands in sharp contrast to the increasingly closed models developed in the West. This openness potentially fosters more collaboration, accelerates innovation, and democratizes access to AI values that the US tech industry itself once championed.For too long, the conversation around China's AI progress has been framed in adversarial terms as a driver of geopolitical competition rather than a technological revolution that benefits all of humanity.But that mindset is limiting and, frankly, outdated, The truth is that China has become an essential player in the global innovation ecosystem, not just as a selective competitor, but as a true contributor.Consider the broader AI landscape. China has produced some of the most sophisticated AI applications, from Baidu's Ernie model to Huawei's AI-driven chip optimizations. Its researchers regularly publish world-class papers in top AI journals and are invited to speak at major international AI conferences. And its vast domestic market allows for rapid deployment and testing of AI at a scale unmatched anywhere else.DeepSeek's success is a wonderful example of some important broader trends. By proving that AI breakthroughs do not require endless financial resources, the company is challenging the status quo not just in China, but globally, It shows that AI can be more accessible, environmentally friendly and inclusive.Where is DeepSeek challenging the status quo, according to the passage?

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Enter DeepSeek, This startup, founded in 2023, has taken a different path. Instead of relying on the usual hardware arms race, Deep-Seek optimizes its software and algorithms to reduce computational needs, Earlier this year, the company unveiled DeepSeek-Rl, a cutting edge Ai model trained on just 2,048 Nvidia H800 GPUs, a fraction of what companies like OpenAI use. The cost? Only $5.6 million. Compare that to the over $100 million routinely spent by the leading US companies, and the implications become clear： China is not just building AI capability, rather it is doing it in a smarter way.More importantly, DeepSeek has committed to open source much of its technology, a move that stands in sharp contrast to the increasingly closed models developed in the West. This openness potentially fosters more collaboration, accelerates innovation, and democratizes access to AI values that the US tech industry itself once championed.For too long, the conversation around China's AI progress has been framed in adversarial terms as a driver of geopolitical competition rather than a technological revolution that benefits all of humanity.But that mindset is limiting and, frankly, outdated, The truth is that China has become an essential player in the global innovation ecosystem, not just as a selective competitor, but as a true contributor.Consider the broader AI landscape. China has produced some of the most sophisticated AI applications, from Baidu's Ernie model to Huawei's AI-driven chip optimizations. Its researchers regularly publish world-class papers in top AI journals and are invited to speak at major international AI conferences. And its vast domestic market allows for rapid deployment and testing of AI at a scale unmatched anywhere else.DeepSeek's success is a wonderful example of some important broader trends. By proving that AI breakthroughs do not require endless financial resources, the company is challenging the status quo not just in China, but globally, It shows that AI can be more accessible, environmentally friendly and inclusive.What do China’s AI researchers regularly do?

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Enter DeepSeek, This startup, founded in 2023, has taken a different path. Instead of relying on the usual hardware arms race, Deep-Seek optimizes its software and algorithms to reduce computational needs, Earlier this year, the company unveiled DeepSeek-Rl, a cutting edge Ai model trained on just 2,048 Nvidia H800 GPUs, a fraction of what companies like OpenAI use. The cost? Only $5.6 million. Compare that to the over $100 million routinely spent by the leading US companies, and the implications become clear： China is not just building AI capability, rather it is doing it in a smarter way.More importantly, DeepSeek has committed to open source much of its technology, a move that stands in sharp contrast to the increasingly closed models developed in the West. This openness potentially fosters more collaboration, accelerates innovation, and democratizes access to AI values that the US tech industry itself once championed.For too long, the conversation around China's AI progress has been framed in adversarial terms as a driver of geopolitical competition rather than a technological revolution that benefits all of humanity.But that mindset is limiting and, frankly, outdated, The truth is that China has become an essential player in the global innovation ecosystem, not just as a selective competitor, but as a true contributor.Consider the broader AI landscape. China has produced some of the most sophisticated AI applications, from Baidu's Ernie model to Huawei's AI-driven chip optimizations. Its researchers regularly publish world-class papers in top AI journals and are invited to speak at major international AI conferences. And its vast domestic market allows for rapid deployment and testing of AI at a scale unmatched anywhere else.DeepSeek's success is a wonderful example of some important broader trends. By proving that AI breakthroughs do not require endless financial resources, the company is challenging the status quo not just in China, but globally, It shows that AI can be more accessible, environmentally friendly and inclusive.How many Nvidia H800 GPUs were used to train the DeepSeek-Rl model?

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Enter DeepSeek, This startup, founded in 2023, has taken a different path. Instead of relying on the usual hardware arms race, Deep-Seek optimizes its software and algorithms to reduce computational needs, Earlier this year, the company unveiled DeepSeek-Rl, a cutting edge Ai model trained on just 2,048 Nvidia H800 GPUs, a fraction of what companies like OpenAI use. The cost? Only $5.6 million. Compare that to the over $100 million routinely spent by the leading US companies, and the implications become clear： China is not just building AI capability, rather it is doing it in a smarter way.More importantly, DeepSeek has committed to open source much of its technology, a move that stands in sharp contrast to the increasingly closed models developed in the West. This openness potentially fosters more collaboration, accelerates innovation, and democratizes access to AI values that the US tech industry itself once championed.For too long, the conversation around China's AI progress has been framed in adversarial terms as a driver of geopolitical competition rather than a technological revolution that benefits all of humanity.But that mindset is limiting and, frankly, outdated, The truth is that China has become an essential player in the global innovation ecosystem, not just as a selective competitor, but as a true contributor.Consider the broader AI landscape. China has produced some of the most sophisticated AI applications, from Baidu's Ernie model to Huawei's AI-driven chip optimizations. Its researchers regularly publish world-class papers in top AI journals and are invited to speak at major international AI conferences. And its vast domestic market allows for rapid deployment and testing of AI at a scale unmatched anywhere else.DeepSeek's success is a wonderful example of some important broader trends. By proving that AI breakthroughs do not require endless financial resources, the company is challenging the status quo not just in China, but globally, It shows that AI can be more accessible, environmentally friendly and inclusive.What is the core strategy in DeepSeek's development?

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WeChat is one of the most convenient ways to use（）technology in daily communication.

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China officially gained access to the Internet （） April 20, 1994. Over the past two decades, the Internet has brought profound changes to people's lives and become a powerful driving force behind China's economy.

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Using live streaming（网络直播）is particularly popular among the people aged 18 to 35.Even the teachers give lessons by live streaming, Besides leaving reviews on the screen, they can also communicate directly with the hosts by buying virtual（虚拟的） gifts such as flowers. toys and cars for them（）.

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5G is also expected to unlock the potential in a lot of new services, （） artificial intelligence, science of robots, self-driving cars, and the Internet of things

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【问题1】（10分）1、（填空题）有线通信网使用的主要传输介质有（1）、（2）、（3）等，无线通信网使用的主要传输介质为（4）。2、（填空题）通信网的基本拓扑结构主要有（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）总线型和环形等。3、请简要说明总线型和环形网络拓扑结构的特点，并画出具有6个节点的总线型和环形网络的拓扑结构图。【问题2】（6分）通信企业及其在产业链中的角色一般可细分为系统设备制造商、系统软件开发商、测试设备制造商、芯片制造商、终端设备制造商、信息服务提供商、应用服务提供商、系统集成商、通信设施工程建造商、基础通信运营商、虚拟通信运营商、产品分销商、装维服务提供商。请分别说明以下通信企业在通信产业链中的角色以及主要职能。（1）系统设备制造商；（2）终端设备制造商；（3）产品分销商。【问题3】判断题（6分）通信技术与业务的总体发展趋势可概括为六化，即数字化、综合化、融合化、宽带化、智能化和个人化。针对通信技术与业务的总体发展趋势，请判断下列说法的正误（正确的选“√，”错误的选“×”）（1）数字化主要是指通信技术，通信技术数字化是实现其他“五化”基础，是现代通信技术的基本特性和最突出的发展趋势。（）（2）综合化主要针对通信业务，是将包括电话业务和非电话业务等的多种通信业务综合到一个通信网络中进行传输、交换和处理，达到一网多用的目的。（）（3）融合化指的是网络管理，通过传统电话网中的交换机与计算机融合来实现呼叫处理功能。（）（4）宽带化是指通信网络的高速技术，通过高速选路与交换、高速宽带接入等高速技术，为用户提供全方位的信息服务（）。（5）智能化指的是网络互通，通过IP数据网与光网络的互通、无线与互联网的互通，将现有电信网的业务传递到下一代数据网中。（）（6）个人化是指通信服务，可以实现任何人在任何地点、任何时间与其他地点的人进行任何业务的通信，其核心就是通信服务适应个人需求。（）

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【问题1】判断题（5分）与固定通信不同，移动通信需要保障各移动用户在运动中的不间断通信，故只能采用无线通信的方式。同时由于通信双方或一方位置在不断变化，且可能处于高速运动状态，因此移动通信具有独特的特点。请判断下列说法的正误（正确的选√，错误的选×）1、移动通信利用自由空间中的无线电波进行信息传输，其电波传播环境复杂，传播条件十分恶劣（）2、移动通信中，传输通道的干扰问题比较严重（）3、移动通信利用自由空间中的无线电波作为信息传输载体，自由空间是无限的，因此其频谱资源也是无限的，可以满足移动通信业务量与日俱增的需求。（）4、移动通信系统的网络结构多种多样，交换控制、网络管理复杂，是多种技术的有机结合。（）5、移动通信终端设备必须适于在移动环境中使用，其可靠性及工作条件要求较高。（）【问题2】（8分）移动通信系统中实现收发双向通信有 TDD 和 FDD两种制式。1、请简要说明 FDD和 TDD的工作原理。（2分）2、我国第三代移动通信系统采用了CDMA2000、WCDMA和TD-SCDMA。这3种技术标准应用的双工技术也各有不同，请在下表中（1）-（6）判断每种技术标准应用的双工技术。（符合的选“√”，不符合选“×”）（6分）【问题3】（1分）在5G系统快速进入运营和推广应用阶段的同时，对于6G技术和网络研究也已经形成了具体的目标。从无线通信技术/系统的组成及其覆盖能力来看，6G网络与之前的移动通信网络相比最大的不同是什么?

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【问题1】问答题（6分）Internet 通过 TCP/IP 将世界各地的实现资源共享、提供各种应用服务。TCP/IP 分层模型共有4层，如图4所示。每层提供特定功能也包含多个协议。请分别写出运行在网络层、传输层、应用层协议名称，各2个。【问题2】问答题（8分）IP 是 Internet 协议簇中最主要的协议之一。（1）请列出 IP的主要功能。（2）请说明 IP 地址分为哪几类？（3）在IP地址格式中，第1个比特为“0”时，是哪一类地址?【问题 3】问答题（4分）物联网是指通过传感器、射频识别技术、全球定位系统等技术，实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程，采集其声、光、热、力学、化学、生物、位置等各种需要的信息，通过各种可能的网络接入，实现物与物、物与人的泛在连接，实现对物品和过程的智能化感知、识别和管理。请写出物联网3个主要特征，并进行简要说明。

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【问题1】（11分）1、请在（1）-（2）中填写合适的内容（2分）根据IU-T 13组于1995年7月通过的关于接入网框架结构方面的标准-G.902标准接入网 AN的定义，接入网是（1）和（2）之间的一系列传送实体（如线路设施和传输设施）组成，为供给电信业务而提供所需传送承载能力的实施系统。2、在有线接入网中，光纤接入网的应用最为广泛。（9分）（1）请简述无源光网络（PON）的特点并列出2种常用类型。（3分）（2）在光接入网中，根据光网络单元（ONU）设置的位置不同，可将光纤接入网分成不同的应用类型。请列出3种光纤接入网的主要应用，并说明其特征。（6分）【问题2】（6分）某宽带接入工程采用 FTTX+LAN方式实现，光接入网如图3所示。1、请判断在图3中ONU分别放在A、B、C三个位置时，对应的是哪种FTTx?（3分）2、在光接入网规划设计中，光传输通道损耗是一项重要的设计指标，计算公式为：光通道损耗P=光缆衰减系数×传输距离+分光损耗×分光器数+光缆连接器损耗×连接器数。图3网络中，OLT到POS的光缆长度为10km，传输光缆采用G.652单模光缆，光缆衰减系数为0.25dB/km；这段距离上有2个光缆连接器，光缆连接器损耗为0.5dB/个。请计算OLT到POS的光传输通道损耗P（要求写出计算过程，即构成光传输通道损耗P的各个分量值）。（3分）

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【问题1】（10分）1、通信电源系统是基于通信局站设置的、为网络通信设备提供动力的系统，它负责从市电中接取能量，通过适当的转换、输送和分配，最后提供可靠、稳定的电力供应。请简要说明通信电源系统的5个主要功能。（5分）2、通信电源系统中的交流供电系统是由市电交流供电系统、备用发电机组、交流供电系统、电力机房交流供电系统及变、配电设备的工作及保障安全的接地系统组成，其中市电交流供电系统为主要动力来源。通信局（站）市电的供电电压有高压、低压两种，请在表6中写出高压供电电压（3个即可）、低压供电电压和供电频率指标。（5分）【问题2】（3分）请简要说明通信局（站）的3种防雷措施。

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【说明】随着通信技术和计算机技术的结合，业务变得丰富多样，业务网逐步出现分离和多样化，而传输则越来越远离上层用户业务。传输网是通信网络的重要组成部分，由各种传输线路和传输设备组成，为通信业务提供端到端可靠的，大容量的通道。

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阅读下列说明，回答问题1至问题3，将答案填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】通信动力与环境是确保整个通信网络正常有效运行的基础保障资源，其功能和质量直接影响到通信网络的可靠性。由于通信设备全年不停地运行，且电信机房均属高发热机房，因此要求机房专用空调设备能够保证全年连续、可靠地运行。

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阅读下列说明，回答问题1至问题2，将答案填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】传输网是通信网络中用作传送通道的网络，由各种传输线路和传输设备组成，用以支持信号的传送和转换。随着用户对多业务（特别是数据业务）的需求越来越高，基于SDH的多业务传送平台（MSTP）应运而生。

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阅读下列说明，回答问题1至问题3，将答案填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】接入网是通信网的组成部分之一。ITU-T13组于1995年7月通过了关于接入网结构方面的标准。按照传输介质划分，接入网可以分为有线接入网和无线接入网。光纤接入网和混合光纤/同轴电缆（HFC）接入网是应用较多的有线宽带接入网。

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阅读下列说明，回答问题1至问题3，将答案填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】计算机网络的发展与现代计算机技术和通信技术的发展密不可分，通信网络为计算之间的信息传送与交换提供了必要手段，同时由于计算机技术的渗透，通信网络的性能得到不断提高。计算机网络与一般计算机互连系统的根本区别在于它采用了通信协议，不同的计算机网络使用不同的通信协议。网络安全的本质是保证所保护的信息对象在网络上流动或者静态存放时不被非授权用户非法访问，既要保障网络系统安全，也要保障网络上的信息安全。

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读下列说明，回答问题1至问题3，将答案填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】通信网是一种利用交换设备、传输设备，将地理上分散的用户终端设备进行互联，实现通信和信息交换的网络。通信网络的建设与运营离不开通信企业，具有不同分工、又有内在联系的通信企业群落构成了通信产业链，通信行业的服务对象是通信用户，与通信用户体验感关联最紧密的是通信业务和通信终端。

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阅读下列说明，回答问题1至问题2，将答案填入答题纸的对应栏内【说明】TD-SCDMA标准于2001年3月被第三代移动通信合作伙伴项目组织（3GPP）列为第三代移动通信（3G）中的3大主流技术标准之一，TD-SCDMA标准包含在3GPP的R4版本中。LTE体系结构及概念的目标和设计思想是将所有基于IP的业务高效地推广至大众市场，该体系结构基于GSM/WCDMA核心网演进而来，有助于简化网络操作以及平稳、有效地部署网络。

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