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It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, _1_, to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. _2_ one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll _3_ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to _4_ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are _5_. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is _6_. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. _7_, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were _8_ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they _9_ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to _10_, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more _11_ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another _12_: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you _13_ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a _14_ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The _15_ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well _16_ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a _17_. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria _18_ critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to _19_ just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better _20_ the objective.

The local people could hardly think of any good way to（）the disaster of the war.

The destruction of the twin towers（）shock and anger throughout the world.

Oil is an important（）material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.

Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. _1_, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it _2_. As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing _3_ on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of _4_ the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to _5_ my goals. I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate _6_ of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight _7_ altering your training program. The most _8_ changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost. For these _9_, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule _10_. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to _11_ my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and _12_ any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to _13_ my training program. I use my bimonthly weigh-in _14_ to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly _15_ and dropping weight, this is a _16_ that I need to increase my daily caloric intake. The _17_ to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out, since I no longer carry the burden of a _18_ morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, _19_ I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale. Rather than _20_ over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.

Wholesale prices in July rose more sharply than expected and at a faster rate than consumer prices,（1）hat businesses were still protecting consumers （2） the full brunt (冲击) of higher energy costs.The Producer Price Index,（3） measures what producers receive for goods and services, （4） 1 percent in July. The Labor Department reported yesterday. Double （5） economists had been expecting and a sharp turnaround from flat prices in June. Excluding （6） and energy. the core index of producer prices rose 0.4 percent, （7） than the 0.1 percent that economists had （8） . Much of that increase was a result of an （9） increase in car and truck prices.On Tuesday, the Labor Department said the （10） that consumers paid for goods and services in July were （11） 0.5 percent over all, and up 0.1 percent, excluding food and energy.（12） the overall rise in both consumer and producer prices （13） caused by energy costs, which increased 4.4 percent n the month. (Wholesale food prices （14） 0.3 percent in July. （15） July 2004, Wholesale prices were up 4.6 percent, the core rate （16） 2.8 percent, its fastest pace since 1995.Typically, increases in the Producer Price Index indicate similar changes in the consumer index （17） businesses recoup (补偿) higher costs from customers. （18） for much of this expansion, which started （19） the end of 2001, that has not been the （20） . In fact, many businesses like automakers have been aggressively discounting their products.

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One of the debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of com, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for non-agricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S. needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.1.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?2.One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is（）.3.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?4.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its （）. 5.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?

Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion? Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Ad-vanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the pro-gramme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” lie adds. So he should know. (534 words)1.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.2.The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.3.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other plans.4.The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.5.It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.

The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing —Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May's enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops of owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them — and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.1.According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its（）.2.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may （）. 3.According to the author, competition law （）. 4.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because （）. 5.The ants analogy is used to illustrate（）.

I don’t think you'll change his mind；once he’s decided on so something he tends to（）it.

The manager has always attended to the（）of important business himself.

My（）would really trouble me if I wore a fur coat.

The interactions between China and the US will surely have a significant （）on peace and stability in the Asia—Pacific region and the world as a whole.

Williams had not been there during the（）moments when the kidnapping had taken place.

As you can see by yourself, things（）to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.

The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. "We don't make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers－and upward pressure on wages. "They're harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, "They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels."The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is."Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says.1.Jay Dumwell（）2.Jason Stenquist （） 3.Birgit Klohs （） 4.Rob Spohr （） 5.Julie Parks （）

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved on their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018’s key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example. Why not?It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority—or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action （and rein in polluting business）, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.1.Some celebrities star in a new video to（）.2.The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may （）. 3.By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that （）. 4.De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be （）. 5.The author concludes that individual efforts（）.

In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with—or even looking at—a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subway.It’s a sad reality—our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings—because there’s 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4: “Please don’t approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird”. We fear we’ll be7. We fear we’ll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11”.But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14. “When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.”18, these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It’s that 20: Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.

Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the（）of art for later generations.

When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people（） and asks them questions.　　

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