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甲、乙、丙、丁4位记者对张、陈、王、李4位市民就民生问题进行了访谈。每次访谈均是1对1进行，每个人均进行或接受了至少1次访谈，访谈共进行了6次。已知：（1）若甲、丙至少有1人访谈了陈，则乙分别访谈了王、李各2次。（2）若乙、丁至少有1人访谈了陈，则王只分别接受了丙、丁各1次访谈。1.根据以上信息，可以得出以下哪项?2.若丙访谈了张和李，则可以得出以下哪项?

Many people prefer to use public transportation while others say that personal cars are the best mode of transportation. Excessive use of private cars is considered to be the main cause of the traffic jam in many cities and that’s why the use of public transportation is encouraged. What do you think are the pros and cons of using public transport?Directions: Please write on the Answer Sheet a composition of about 200 words on the topic What Are the Pros and Cons of Using Public Transport?, in which you should follow the outline below:1）. State specifically what your opinion is.2）. Provide the advantages and disadvantages of using public transport services to support your opinion.3）. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

经济全球化是时代潮流。大江奔腾向海，总会遇到逆流（counter currents），但任何逆流都阻挡不了大江东去。动力助其前行，阻力促其强大。尽管出现了很多逆流、险滩（dangerous shoals），但经济全球化方向从未改变、也不会改变。世界各国要坚持真正的多边主义（multilateralism），坚持拆墙而不筑墙、开放而不隔绝、融合而不脱钩（decoupling），推动构建开放型世界经济。要以公平正义为理念引领全球治理体系（the global governance system）变革，维护以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制（the multilateral trading system），在充分协商（full consultation）基础上，为人工智能、数字经济等打造各方普遍接受、行之有效的规则，为科技创新营造开放、公正、非歧视（non-discriminatory）的有利环境，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展，让世界经济活力充分迸发出来。

Passage 6Questions 52 to 55 are based on the following passageThe ideal companion machine—the computer—would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conversation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a (n) way.53. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?54. Which of the following aspects is not mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?55. Throughout the passage, the author is in his attitude toward the computer.

Passage 5Questions 48 to 51 are based on the following passage.In the 1940s, psychologist Abraham Maslow recognized that workers perform as they do in order to satisfy a wide variety of needs. He realized that these needs would have to be classified to explain motion. The model he worked out is called Maslow’s ladder. Two principles underlie this model: A human being is an animal with many needs, and only those needs not yet fully satisfied cause a person to act. When needs on a lower level are satisfied, at least in part, the rung above becomes a goal a person will strive to reach. With these principles in mind, let us now take a look at each set of needs depicted in the model.All the basic drives that sustain life—food, clothing and shelter—are called physiological needs. A person must satisfy these needs before pursuing any other objective. The physiological needs are readily satisfied in modern societies by money.People have a strong desire to feel protected. Usually this means protection against loss of the physical necessities, the idea of cushion against misfortune. Once more, money will effectively satisfy this level of need. Even today few people succeed in earning enough money to feel completely secure. This is why the classical theory of motivation held on so long.Business now does a reasonably good job of meeting the worker’s demands for safety. Wages are high enough to allow most workers to save for a rainy day. Guaranteed job security, pension plans, health insurance, life insurance, and employer contributions to Social Security are all examples of direct satisfaction of safety needs.Humans are social animals. Their desires to associate with others and to be loved by others are nearly as strong as their will to survive. Indeed, even when the need for safety is not totally satisfied, people begin feeling social needs.This is the first level of needs that money cannot readily satisfy. As the Hawthorne Studies clearly showed, workers’ desire to be accepted by co-workers could motivate them more strongly than the desire to earn more money. Furthermore, workers need no impetus from management to seek satisfaction of their social needs. It is this drive that gives rise to the informal organization.People need to feel self-esteem, a sense of personal worth derived from their competence, achievement, or independence. They also need the respect of others, a respect based on a recognition of their competence rather than on friendship (a social need). The need for esteem is closely tied to the idea of status.Status is one’s rank in comparison with others in the same social group. A person with high status is one who is well regarded by friends and associates. Several factors can give a person high status in society. These include wealth, social standing, advanced education, and a prestigious occupation. We are all familiar with status symbols such as a Cadillac or a mansion. Since these familiar symbols of status all cost money, it is common to mistake a striving for status as a drive to accumulate wealth. While earning a million dollars may indeed bestow status on an individual, a person motivated by esteem needs seeks the status, not the money. People in business often seek satisfaction of their esteem needs by pursuing a promotion. Of course, people also manifest the need for esteem when they seek one of the occupations that our society holds in high esteem, such as physician, writer, artist, actor, university professor, lawyer, or musician.Maslow defined the need for self-realization as “the desire to become more what one is, to become everything one is capable of’. A person who operates on this level usually views work as something to be done in order to feel complete as a person to fulfill a personal philosophy. It is a higher level need than the one for esteem because the person involved already feels that he or his work is worthwhile and respected. Such people find their work intrinsically interesting and satisfying.Relatively few people ever reach the stage where they are dominated by the need for self-realization. Maslow felt, however, that everyone is capable of feeling this need to some degree.Maslow’s ladder is a convenient way to classify human needs. But if you see it as a simple step-at-a-time procedure, you make a serious mistake. It is not necessary for a person to satisfy each level of need completely before being motivated by a higher level. In our society, the majority of people have reached at least the fourth rung of needs. Thus, in real life nearly all needs are interacting within the individual. In other words, all five need levels operate in an individual at once, and he will actively strive to improve his position on all five rungs simultaneously.There is another factor to be considered as needs work out in real life. As people partially satisfy each need, they tend to require more of it for full satisfaction. This is known as the phenomenon of rising expectations. It partially explains why workers today are unhappy with their earnings even though earnings have never been higher. A starving factory worker of the 1800s was overjoyed to earn enough to buy an extra potato. A factory worker today becomes angry if he cannot afford steak.48. That which is “intrinsically” interesting .49. The drive that gives rise to the informal organization is .50. Money cannot satisfy .51. People try to satisfy esteem needs in business by seeking .

Passage 4Questions 43 to 47 are based on the following passage.When George Orwell wrote in 1941 that England was “the most class-ridden country under the sun”, he was only partly right. Societies have always had their hierarchies, with some group perched at the top. In the Indian state of Bihar the Ranveer Sena, an upper-caste private army, even killed to stay there.By that measure class in Britain hardly seems entrenched (根深蒂固的). But in another way Orwell was right, and continues to be. As a new YouGov poll shows, Britons are surprisingly alert to class—both their own and that of others. And they still think class is sticky. According to the poll, 48% of people aged 30 or over say they expect to end up better off than their parents. But only 28% expect to end up in a different class. More than two-thirds think neither they nor their children will leave the class they were born into.What does this thing that people cannot escape consist of these days? And what do people look at when decoding which class someone belongs to? The most useful identifying markers, according to the poll, are occupation, address, accent and income, in that order. The fact that income comes fourth is revealing: though some of the habits and attitudes that class used to define are more widely spread than they were, class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth.Occupation is the most trusted guide to class, but changes in the labor market have made that harder to read than when Orwell was writing. Manual workers have shrunk along with farming and heavy industry as a proportion of the workforce, while the number of people in white-collar jobs has surged. Despite this striking change, when they were asked to place themselves in a class, Brits in 2006 huddled in much the same categories as they did when they were asked in 1949. So, jobs, which were once a fairly reliable guide to class, have become misleading.A survey conducted earlier this year by Expertian shows how this convergence on similar types of work has blurred class boundaries. Expertian asked people in a number of different jobs to place themselves in the working class or the middle class. Secretaries, waiters and journalists were significantly more likely to think themselves middle-class than accountants, computer programmers or civil servants. Many new white-collar jobs offer no more autonomy or better prospects than old blue-collar ones. Yet despite the muddle over what the markers of class are these days, 71% of those polled by YouGov still said they found it very or fairly easy to figure out which class others belong to.In addition to changes in the labor market, two other things have smudged the borders on the class map. First, since 1945 Britain has received large numbers of immigrants who do not fit easily into existing notions of class and may have their own pyramids to scramble up. The flow of new arrivals has increased since the late 1990s, multiplying this effect.Second, barriers to fame have been lowered. Britain’s fast-growing ranks of celebrities—like David Beckham and his wife Victoria—form a kind of parallel aristocracy open to talent, or at least to those who are uninhibited enough to meet the requests of television producers. This too has made definitions more complicated.But many Brits, given the choice, still prefer to identify with the class they were born into rather than that which their jobs or income would suggest. This often entails pretending to be more humble than is actually the case: 22% of white-collar workers told YouGov that they consider themselves working class. Likewise, the Expertian survey found that one in ten adults who call themselves working class are among the richest asset-owners, and that over half a million households which earn more than $191,000 a year say they are working class. Pretending to be grander than income and occupation suggest is rarer, though it happens too.If class no longer describes a clear social, economic or even political status, is it worth paying any attention to? Possibly, yes. It is still in most cases closely correlated with educational attainment and career expectations.43. Why does the author say “...Orwell was right, and continues to be” (Paragraph Two)?44. “...class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth” (Paragraph Three) means that .45. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?46. Which of the following is NOT a cause to blur class distinction?47. When some successful white-collar workers choose to stay in the working class, it implies that they are .

Passage 3Questions 38 to 42 are based on the following passage.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That’s partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.What’s far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting.Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis, and unethical behavior in general.“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors,” says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penn’s Wharton School. His paper, titled “Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Over-Praised Goal Setting,” appears in the February issue of the Academy of Management Perspectives.“It turns out there’s no economic benefit to just having a goal—you just get a psychological benefit,” Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.”A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is that the actual trades were not profitable.Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his team’s use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed.In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes: “Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence” linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,” he says.“Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,” Schweitzer says.38. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?39. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?40. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?41. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?42. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?

Passage 2Questions 35 to 37 are based on the following passageEconomists have received the unfair reputation of being unable to agree on anything. The image of economists in disagreement is part of our folklore. An English commentator wrote: “If parliament were to ask six economists for an opinion, seven answers could come back—two no doubt from the volatile Mr. Keynes.” The London Times laments the “rise in skepticism about what economists can tell us”, and Business Week complains about “the intellectual bankruptcy of economics profession”.The image of widespread disagreement among economists is overrated. The result of a survey of 100 professional economists confirm that there is considerable agreement among economists about what can be done (positive economists), especially in a microeconomic context. However, there is more disagreement over what ought to be done. Questions of what ought to be done (Should we equalize the distribution of income? Should we increase defense spending?) require moral and political value judgments on which individuals naturally differ. Finally, disagreement among professional economists receives more publicity than other scientific professions, which contributes to the false image of economists in disaccord.While disagreements in other sciences are as strong as or even stronger than in economics, these disagreements are less visible to the public eye. Theoretical physicists have disagreed about the physical nature of the universe since the foundations of physics, but this scientific controversy is understood by only a few theoretical physicists.It does not require much disagreement to bring dispute to the public’s attention. Everyone is interested in economic questions: Will inflation accelerate? Will I lose my job? Why is the price of gasoline rising so fast? Why are home mortgages so hard to come by? Economists do disagree, particularly on some big macroeconomic issues. But often what the public perceives as disagreements over positive economics are really disagreements over what ought to be. In general, there is more agreement than disagreement among economists.35. According to the passage, the commentator mentions Mr. Keynes as noted for his .36. The author believes that disagreement between economists is all of following EXCEPT .37. According to the passage, which of the following statements describes disagreements between theoretical physicists?

Passage 1Questions 31 to 34 are based on the following passage.Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15, 000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. According to psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston, teaching people to think more positively would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.“Your abilities count,” explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, “but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.” In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative.How did they do it? The secret to an optimist’s success, according to Seligman, is in his “explanatory style”. When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. “I’m no good at this,” he says, “I always fail.” The optimist looks for loopholes. He blames the weather, the phone connection, even the other person. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.A sense of control, according to Craig Anderson, is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fate’s plaything and moves slowly. He doesn’t seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that’s what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.Optimism won’t cure the incurable, but it may prevent illness. In a long term study, researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition. Yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, there were more middle-age diseases—hypertension, diabetes, heart ailments—among the pessimists than the optimists. Many studies suggest that the pessimist’s feeling of helplessness undermines the body’s natural defenses—the immune system and the pessimist doesn’t take good care of himself.Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mother’s knee”, says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. As they grow, children experience small triumphs. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism.Pessimism is a hard habit to break—but it can be done. In a series of landmark studies, Dr. Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades of school. As she helps floundering students to change the explanations for their failures—from “I must be dumb” to “I didn’t study hard enough”—their academic performance improves.Pittsburgh’s Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups of colon-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment, but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease.Here’s how to change from a pessimist to an optimist, says Steve Hollon, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University:1. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored2. Now try an experiment. Do something that’s contrary to any negative reactions.3. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? “If your thoughts are holding you back, change them,” says Hollon. “It’s trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance.”Positive thinking leads to positive action, and reaction. What you expect from the world, the evidence suggests, is what you’re likely to get.31. An optimist .32. According to Seligman, the secret to an optimist’s success can be found in “his explanatory style”, by which he means that the optimist .33. It can be inferred from the article that the author thinks that .34. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazine: a never-ending flood of words. In _11_ a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend _12_ can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are _13_ readers. Most of us develop poor reading _14_ at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency _15_ in the actual stuff of language itself—words. Taken individually, words have _16_ meaning until they are strung to gather into phrase, sentences and paragraphs. _17_, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to _18_ words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over _19_ you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which _20_ down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as _21_ reads.To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an _22_, which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate _23_ the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch” him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, _24_ word-by-word reading, regression and subvocalization, practically impossible. At first _25_ is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, _26_ your comprehension will improve. Many people have found _27_ reading skill drastically improved after some training. _28_ Charlie Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 172 words a minute _29_ the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can _30_ a lot more reading material in a short period of time.

It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework. ____

The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leave. ____

Everyone knows that the firefly is a ____ insect.

Can you duplicate two hundred copies of this sheet by tomorrow? ____

The young scientists had made ____ efforts to accomplish the difficult task.

In the Asian financial crisis, many companies ____ their expenditures.

Man’s understanding and his mastering of matter and energy ____ his claim to superiority, provide him with the basis for enriching and deepening human experience.

There was a great deal of ____ about the cabinet shakeup.

The people in the room were shocked by his blasphemous language. ____

The highbrows have ____ their preferences in terms of argument that their lives are fuller than that of the lowbrows.

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